Regulation of ferroptosis and mitochondrial homeostasis disruption in diabetic cardiomyopathy: Therapeutic potential of traditional Chinese medicine

Table 3 Effects of traditional Chinese medicine-derived bioactive compounds on regulating mitochondrial dynamics in diabetic cardiomyopathy

Compounds	Herb source	Drug dosage	Model	Mechanisms
Ginsenoside Rb1	Ginseng, Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer	50 mg/kg/day i.g.; 50-100 μM in vitro	db/db mice; PA-H9c2 cells	Upregulates Mfn2; promotes mitochondrial fusion; reduces oxidative stress and apoptosis; improves mitochondrial function[148]
Ophiopogon D	Dwarf lilyturf, Ophiopogon japonicus (Thunb.) Ker Gawl.	5 mg/kg/day i.g. for 4 weeks; 1 μM, 5 μM, 10 μM in vitro	db/db mice; PA-H9c2 cells	Inhibits Drp1, restores MFN1/2 and OPA1; improves mitochondrial dynamics, reduces apoptosis, relieves lipotoxic injury[149]
Paeonol	Cortex Moutan, Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.	75 mg/kg/day, 150 mg/kg/day, 300 mg/kg/day i.g.; 25 μM, 50 μM, 100 μM, 200 μM in vitro	STZ-DCM rats; HG-primary cardiomyocytes	Activates CK2α-Stat3 pathway; upregulates Opa1; promotes mitochondrial fusion; inhibits oxidative stress; improves cardiac function[150]
Perillaldehyde	Perilla, Perilla frutescens (L.)	100 mg/kg/day, 200 mg/kg/day i.g., 20 μM in vitro	STZ-DCM rats; HG-H9c2 cells	Upregulates miR-133a-3p, inhibits GSK-3β; suppresses fibrosis (Col-I, Col-III, α-SMA); reduces apoptosis; improves mitochondrial dynamics (fusion/fission balance)[151]
Punicalagin	Pomegranate, Punica granatum L.	30 mg/kg/day, 90 mg/kg/day i.g., 10 μM in vitro	STZ-DCM rats; HG-H9c2 cells	Inhibits PTP1B activity, increases Stat3 phosphorylation, upregulates Opa1, promotes mitochondrial fusion, improves mitochondrial function[152]
Rhein	Rhubarb (Rheum palmatum L.)	120 mg/kg/day i.g.; 1 μg/mL in vitro	HFD/STZ-DCM mice; HG-NRCMs; H9c2 ClpP-KD	Improves mitochondrial dynamics (↓p-Drp1S616/Drp1, ↑Opa1, Mfn1, Mfn2); reduces apoptosis (↓caspase-9, cleaved caspase-3, Bax; ↑Bcl2); inhibits hypertrophy (↓ANP, BNP, β-MHC); normalizes ClpP expression[153]

i.g.: Intragastric administration; DCM: Diabetic cardiomyopathy; STZ: Streptozotocin; HFD: High-fat diet.