Nicotinamide mononucleotide-loaded thermosensitive hydrogel promotes diabetic wound healing via antibacterial and antioxidant synergy in a mouse model

Figure 5 PF/polyhexamethylene biguanide-nicotinamide mononucleotide hydrogel upregulates the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and transforming growth factor-β1. A and B: Detection of VEGF and TGF-β1 mRNA expression in diabetic mouse wound tissues treated with different dressings by quantitative real-time-polymerase chain reaction; C: Western-blot analysis of vascular endothelial growth factor and transforming growth factor-β1 protein levels in diabetic mouse wound tissues treated with different dressings, with β-actin as the internal reference; D and E: Represent the quantification of protein expression levels. NMN: Nicotinamide mononucleotide; PHMB: Polyhexamethylene biguanide; TGF-β1: Transforming growth factor-β1; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor.