Dynamic glycemic exposure and trajectory profiling for incident diabetic kidney disease: A longitudinal cohort study

Table 2 The association of baseline and time-weighted average glycated hemoglobin with incident diabetic kidney disease

HbA1c parameter	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3
	HR (95%CI)	P value	HR (95%CI)	P value	HR (95%CI)	P value
Baseline HbA1c
Per 1% increment	1.21 (1.16-1.27)	< 0.001	1.22 (1.16-1.27)	< 0.001	1.20 (1.14-1.27)	< 0.001
Class 1 (< 7%)	Reference		Reference		Reference
Class 2 (7%-8%)	1.76 (1.12-2.76)	0.014	1.72 (1.09-2.69)	0.019	1.74 (1.1-2.77)	0.018
Class 3 (> 8%)	3.25 (2.28-4.63)	< 0.001	3.44 (2.41-4.90)	< 0.001	3.10 (2.09-4.59)	0.013
P value for trend		< 0.001		< 0.001		< 0.001
TWA-HbA1c1
Per 1% increment	1.39 (1.32-1.46)	< 0.001	1.38 (1.31-1.46)	< 0.001	1.37 (1.29-1.45)	< 0.001
Class 1 (< 7%)	Reference		Reference		Reference
Class 2 (7%-8%)	2.07 (1.32-3.24)	0.002	1.99 (1.27-3.13)	0.003	1.99 (1.26-3.14)	0.003
Class 3 (> 8%)	5.62 (3.90-8.08)	< 0.001	5.52 (3.84-7.94)	< 0.001	4.86 (3.34-7.10)	< 0.001
P value for trend		< 0.001		< 0.001		< 0.001

¹Time-weighted average glycated hemoglobin was included as a time-varying covariate to compute risk estimates for diabetic kidney disease events.

Model 1 unadjusted model; model 2 adjusted for age and sex; model 3 adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, hypertension, major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events, hyperlipidemia, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin II receptor blocker treatment, diabetes duration, blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, uric acid, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, lipoprotein(a), urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio and measurement intensity. HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; CI: Confidence interval; HR: Hazard ratio; TWA-HbA1c: Time-weighted average glycated hemoglobin.