Dynamic glycemic exposure and trajectory profiling for incident diabetic kidney disease: A longitudinal cohort study

doi:10.4239/wjd.120343

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World Journal of Diabetes

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1948-9358

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Retrospective Cohort Study

Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Diabetes. Jun 15, 2026; 17(6): 120343
Published online Jun 15, 2026. doi: 10.4239/wjd.120343

Table 1 Baseline and clinical characteristics of participants according to diabetic kidney disease status, n (%)/median (interquartile range)

Variables	No-DKD (n = 813)	DKD (n = 244)	P value
Age (years)	53.8 (45.0, 62.0)	58.6 (48.8, 67.0)	< 0.001
Male sex (%)	488 (59.9)	131 (53.7)	0.099
BMI (kg/m²)	24.0 (22.1, 26.2)	24.1 (22.0, 26.1)	0.475
Hypertension (%)	352 (43.2)	119 (48.8)	0.143
MACCE (%)¹	105 (12.9)	46 (18.9)	0.026
Hyperlipidemia (%)	315 (38.7)	88 (36.1)	0.513
ACEI/ARB treatment (%)	101 (12.4)	43 (17.7)	0.047
Diabetes duration (years)	3.5 (1.0, 6.5)	12.0 (4.5, 19.0)	< 0.001
HbA1c (%)	7.6 (6.5, 10.2)	9.7 (7.5, 11.9)	< 0.001
FPG (mmol/L)	8.0 (6.5, 11.4)	9.6 (7.2, 14.0)	< 0.001
BUN (mmol/L)	5.2 (4.3, 6.1)	5.2 (4.4, 6.2)	0.463
CREAT (μmol/L)	67.0 (56.0, 79.0)	66.0 (55.0, 79.8)	0.374
UA (μmol/L)	343.0 (278.0, 415.5)	337.0 (271.0, 429.0)	0.884
eGFR (mL/minute/1.73 m²)	99.3 (88.8, 108.7)	96.2 (82.9, 107.2)	0.009
TC (mmol/L)	4.8 (4.2, 5.6)	4.9 (4.3, 5.8)	0.054
TG (mmol/L)	1.4 (1.0, 2.2)	1.5 (1.1, 2.3)	0.062
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.1 (0.9, 1.4)	1.1 (0.9, 1.3)	0.481
LDL-C (mmol/L)	3.0 (2.4, 3.7)	3.2 (2.5, 3.9)	0.179
Lp(a) (mg/L)	108.0 (54.5, 205.5)	113.3 (63.8, 218.5)	0.369
UACR (mg/g)	10.0 (6.5, 15.0)	15.8 (10.1, 25.6)	< 0.001
Total HbA1c measurement (n)	7.0 (5.0, 9.0)	7.0 (4.0, 9.0)	0.400
Measurement intensity (n/year)	1.0 (0.8, 1.3)	1.0 (0.7, 1.3)	0.027
Median measurement interval (years)	1.0 (0.6, 1.8)	1.2 (0.6, 2.1)	0.300
Follow-up time (years)	7.1 (5.0, 9.3)	6.5 (4.4, 9.1)	0.040

¹Major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events includes coronary heart disease and stroke.

BMI: Body mass index; DKD: Diabetic kidney disease; MACCE: Major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events; ACEI: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB: Angiotensin II receptor blockers; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; CREAT: Creatinine; UA: Uric acid; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; TC: Total cholesterol; TG: Triglycerides; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Lp(a): Lipoprotein(a); UACR: Urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio.

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Citation: Zou HY, Jiang H, Guo XD, Wen ZY, Shi Y, Zhou AD, Wang MM, Xu F, Cai MY. Dynamic glycemic exposure and trajectory profiling for incident diabetic kidney disease: A longitudinal cohort study. World J Diabetes 2026; 17(6): 120343
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v17/i6/120343.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.120343

Zou HY, Jiang H, Guo XD, Wen ZY, Shi Y, Zhou AD, Wang MM, Xu F, Cai MY. Dynamic glycemic exposure and trajectory profiling for incident diabetic kidney disease: A longitudinal cohort study. World J Diabetes 2026; 17(6): 120343 [DOI: 10.4239/wjd.120343]

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