Tangwang formula ameliorates diabetic retinopathy by inhibiting cell apoptosis and regulating the intestinal microbiota and metabolic profiles

Figure 10  Tangwang formula changed the metabolic profiles of intestinal bacteria (n = 5). A: Plots of partial least squares discriminant analysis for negative (ES-) and positive (ES+) ions in the model and Tangwang formula (TWF) groups; B: Volcano plot of differentially expressed metabolites between TWF and model groups for ES- and ES+ ions. Red and blue circles indicate significantly up-regulated and down-regulated metabolites, respectively (|fold change| > 1.5, P < 0.05); C: Heatmap of 70 (ES- ion) and 106 (ES+ ion) metabolites among the three groups. The normalized abundance values are depicted visually, where red represents the up-regulated metabolites and blue represents the down-regulated metabolites, respectively; D: Differential metabolites (top 20) in TWF group compared with model group in the ES- and ES+ ions; E: Enriched Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways of differential metabolites in ES- ion and ES+ ion. TWF: Tangwang formula.