Tangwang formula ameliorates diabetic retinopathy by inhibiting cell apoptosis and regulating the intestinal microbiota and metabolic profiles

Figure 6 Effect of Tangwang formula on the cell apoptosis in diabetic retinopathy mice (n = 10) and mouse retinal endothelial cells (n = 3). A: The cell apoptosis of the mouse retina; B: TUNEL staining of mouse retina; C: The protein expression of apoptosis-related proteins Bax and Bcl2 in mouse retina; D: The cell apoptosis of mouse retinal endothelial cells (mRECs) induced by 30 mmol/L glucose at 24 hours and 48 hours; E: TUNEL staining of mRECs at 48 hours; F: The protein expression of the apoptosis-related proteins Bax and Bcl2 in mRECs at 48 hours; G: The reactive oxygen species level of mRECs induced by 30 mmol/L glucose at 24 hours and 48 hours. The red dots indicated the TUNEL-positive apoptosis cell. The data are expressed as mean ± SD, ^aP < 0.05 vs control group, ^bP < 0.01 vs control group, ^cP < 0.05 vs model group, and ^dP < 0.01 vs model group. CaD: Calcium dobesilate; TWF: Tangwang formula; TWF-L: 30 mmol/L glucose with 25 μg/mL Tangwang formula; TWF-M: 30 mmol/L glucose with 50 μg/mL Tangwang formula; TWF-H: 30 mmol/L glucose with 100 μg/mL Tangwang formula.