Tangwang formula ameliorates diabetic retinopathy by inhibiting cell apoptosis and regulating the intestinal microbiota and metabolic profiles

Figure 5 Effect of Tangwang formula on retinal injury in diabetic retinopathy mice (n = 10) and mouse retinal endothelial cells (n = 3). A: The levels of tissue factors in mouse serum; B: The protein expression of tissue factors in the retina; C: Immunofluorescence staining of vascular endothelial growth factor and zonula occludens-1 in the retina of diabetic retinopathy mice; D: Immunofluorescence staining of vascular endothelial growth factor and zonula occludens-1 in mouse retinal endothelial cells at 48 hours. ^bP < 0.01 vs control group, ^cP < 0.05 vs model group, and ^dP < 0.01 vs model group. CaD: Calcium dobesilate; HCY: Homocysteine; RAGE: Receptor advanced glycation end products; TWF: Tangwang formula; TWF-L: 30 mmol/L glucose with 25 μg/mL Tangwang formula; TWF-M: 30 mmol/L glucose with 50 μg/mL Tangwang formula; TWF-H: 30 mmol/L glucose with 100 μg/mL Tangwang formula; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; ZO-1: Zonula occludens-1.