Tangwang formula ameliorates diabetic retinopathy by inhibiting cell apoptosis and regulating the intestinal microbiota and metabolic profiles

Figure 4 Effect of Tangwang formula on the proinflammatory factors in diabetic retinopathy mice (n = 10) and mouse retinal endothelial cells (n = 3). A: The levels of proinflammatory factors in mouse serum; B: The protein expression of proinflammatory factors in the retina; C: Mouse retinal endothelial cells were cultured in a 96-well plate treated with glucose and Tangwang formula at 24 hours and 48 hours; D: The protein expression of proinflammatory factors in mouse retinal endothelial cells at 48 hours. The data are expressed as mean ± SD, ^aP < 0.05 vs control group, ^bP < 0.01 vs control group, ^cP < 0.05 vs model group, and ^dP < 0.01 vs model group. CaD: Calcium dobesilate; IL: Interleukin; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α: TWF: Tangwang formula; TWF-L: 30 mmol/L glucose with 25 μg/mL Tangwang formula; TWF-M: 30 mmol/L glucose with 50 μg/mL Tangwang formula; TWF-H: 30 mmol/L glucose with 100 μg/mL Tangwang formula.