Tangwang formula ameliorates diabetic retinopathy by inhibiting cell apoptosis and regulating the intestinal microbiota and metabolic profiles

Figure 1 Chemical ingredients of Tangwang formula were detected by high-pressure liquid chromatography. A: High-pressure liquid chromatography chromatograms of Tangwang formula; B: Venn diagram of drug targets from 8 compounds in Tangwang formula and disease targets from diabetic retinopathy; C: Network diagram of drug-composition-target; D: Protein-protein interaction network diagram of 278 cross targets; E: Degree values of top 10 core targets; F: Top 30 Gene Ontology enrichment analysis of 278 cross targets; G: Top 20 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis of 278 cross targets. AGE-RAGE: Advanced glycation end product-receptor advanced glycation end products; AMB: Bunge (Astragali Radix); ATP: Adenosine triphosphate; BP: Biological process; CC: Cellular component; CCP: Cinnamomum cassia Presl (Cinnamomi Ramulus); DR: Diabetic retinopathy; EBK: Eriocaulon buergerianum Koern. (Eriocauli Flos); EGFR: Epidermal growth factor receptor; HIF-1: Hypoxia-inducible factor-1; LBL: Lycium barbarum L. (Lycii Fructus); MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinases; MF: Molecular function; RS: Reference substance; TAL: Typha angustifolia L. (Typhae Pollen); TWF: Tangwang formula; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; 1: P-Coumaric acid; 2: Calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside; 3: Isorhamnetin-3-O-neohespeidoside; 4: Ononin; 5: Calycosin; 6: Cinnamic acid; 7: Naringenin; 8: Formononetin.