Glycemic status, adiposity indices and cardiovascular risk in chronic kidney disease: Core findings from a nationwide cohort study

Table 1 Summary of limitations and optimization suggestions

Core dimensions	Key points
Study subjects	Korean National Health Insurance Database, 1714859 patients with CKD
Study purpose	To analyze the combined effects of glycemic status (Normal, IFG, DM) and adiposity indices (BMI, WC) on CVD and all-cause mortality in patients with CKD
Core findings	Normal: Low body weight (HR = 1.12) and central obesity (men with WC ≥ 100 cm/women with ≥ 95 cm, HR = 1.16) both increase the risk. IFG: Low body weight is a stable risk factor (HR = 1.25). WC is linearly correlated with the risk of CVD, but not with mortality. DM: Those with low body weight (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2) and low WC (men < 80 cm/women < 75 cm) have the highest risk of CVD (HR = 2.12/1.72)
Core conclusions	It is necessary to combine glycemic status and obesity phenotype to conduct individualized cardiovascular risk stratification and intervention for patients with CKD
Study limitations	Lack of dynamic data on body composition, failure to consider gender differences, and it was an observational study that could not draw causal relationships

CKD: Chronic kidney disease; IFG: Impaired fasting glucose; DM: Diabetes mellitus; BMI: Body mass index; WC: Waist circumference; CVD: Cardiovascular disease; HR: Hazard ratio.