Unlocking pancreatic metabolic memory: Can early interventions reverse obesity and block diabetes before it strikes?

Table 1 Macrophage subtypes and their distribution characteristics

Macrophage subtype names	Specific distribution in the pancreas	Surface markers and signature molecules	Species	Functional characteristics	Ref.
M1 macrophages	Pancreatic acinar cells	Gpr18, Fpr2	Mouse	pro-inflammatory	[70,71]
M2a macrophages	Pancreatic acinar cells	IL-4, IL-13	Mouse	Mediate tissue repair and wound healing
M2b macrophages	bone marrow-derived Mφ	LPS, IL-1β	Mouse	Modulate immune responses	[72,73]
M2c macrophages	bone marrow-derived Mφ	IL-10	Mouse	Anti-inflammatory
M2d macrophages	bone marrow-derived Mφ	IL-10, VEGF	Mouse	Tumor-associated macrophages	[74]
F4/80+ CD11c+ macrophages	Near the blood vessels within the islets	F4/80+ CD11c+	Mouse	Captured secretory granules and antigen presentation from β-cells	[75]
F4/80+ CD11b+ CD206+ macrophages	Pancreatic stromal macrophages	IL-10, Fizz1	Mouse	Anti-inflammatory	[76]
F4/80+ CD11b+ CD206- macrophages	Peripheral duct cells of the exocrine portion of the pancreas	Ym1, Fizz1	Mouse	Anti-inflammatory

Gpr18: G-protein coupled receptor 18; Fpr2: Formyl peptide receptor 2; IL: Interleukin; LPS: Lipopolysaccharide; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; Fizz1: Found in inflammatory zone 1; Ym1: Y-macrophage 1.