Network pharmacology: Anti-obesity and insulin-sensitizing effects of Danggui-Huangjing herb-pair via epidermal growth factor receptor/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway

Figure 2 Results of the network pharmacology analysis of a combination of Danggui-Huangjing on clinical obesity. A: Venn diagram of overlapping targets between Danggui-Huangjing (DH) and clinical obesity (CO). DH targets: Screened from Traditional Chinese Medicine System Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (oral bioavailability ≥ 30%, drug likeness ≥ 0.18), Herb.ac.cn, CNKI, verified by PubChem, standardized via UniProt (Homo sapiens); CO targets: Collected from GeneCards (relevance score > 2), Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, CTDbase, Therapeutic Target Database; B: Protein-protein interaction network and core subnetwork. Left: Initial network (73 nodes, 448 edges) via STRING (confidence > 0.400, hidden isolated nodes); right: Core subnetwork (17 nodes, 62 edges) mined by Cytoscape 310.3/CytoNCA (hub genes: Degree/betweenness/closeness/eigenvector centrality > mean values), epidermal growth factor receptor/estrogen receptor 1 highlighted. Nodes: Larger size/darker color = higher degree; grey edges = target-target interactions; C: “DH-active ingredient-disease target” network. Orange = 73 CO targets; green = 15 DH bioactive components (larger size = higher degree); blue = Danggui (Angelica sinensis); purple = Huangjing (Polygonatum sibiricum); grey edges = compound-target interactions; D: Gene Ontology enrichment (DAVID, P < 0.05). Green = biological process, orange = cellular component, blue = molecular function; E: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment (DAVID, P < 0.05). Bubble plot (top 20 pathways): X-axis = enrichment ratio, Y-axis = pathway name, bubble size = target number, purple-yellow gradient = significance (-log₁₀P value); F: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway hierarchical tree. BP: Biological process; CC: Cellular component; DH: Danggui-Huangjing; MF: Molecular function.