Vitamin D, vitamin D receptor FokI polymorphism, and diabetic retinopathy: A case-control study in Kunming, China

doi:10.4239/wjd.v17.i5.118141

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World Journal of Diabetes

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1948-9358

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Case Control Study

Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Diabetes. May 15, 2026; 17(5): 118141
Published online May 15, 2026. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v17.i5.118141

Table 3 Distribution of FokI genotypes and allele frequencies of the study participants, n (%)

Genotype	Diabetic retinopathy (n = 115)	Type 2 diabetes mellitus (n = 130)	Control (n = 58)	Odds ratio (95%CI)	P value
ff	59 (51.30)	48 (36.92)	11 (18.97)	2.36 (1.27-4.39)	0.007^a
Ff	32 (27.83)	51 (39.23)	25 (43.10)	1.09 (0.57-2.08)	0.792
FF	24 (20.87)	31 (23.85)	22 (37.93)	Reference
Allele frequency
f	150 (65.22)	147 (56.54)	47 (40.52)	1.67 (1.18-2.36)	0.004^a
F	80 (34.78)	113 (43.46)	69 (59.48)	Reference

^aP < 0.05.

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Citation: Liu ZH, Ran ZQ, Yang R, Chen LX, Wang ZZ, Li YY, Han R. Vitamin D, vitamin D receptor FokI polymorphism, and diabetic retinopathy: A case-control study in Kunming, China. World J Diabetes 2026; 17(5): 118141
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v17/i5/118141.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v17.i5.118141

Liu ZH, Ran ZQ, Yang R, Chen LX, Wang ZZ, Li YY, Han R. Vitamin D, vitamin D receptor FokI polymorphism, and diabetic retinopathy: A case-control study in Kunming, China. World J Diabetes 2026; 17(5): 118141 [DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v17.i5.118141]

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