Vitamin D, vitamin D receptor FokI polymorphism, and diabetic retinopathy: A case-control study in Kunming, China

doi:10.4239/wjd.v17.i5.118141

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World Journal of Diabetes

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1948-9358

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Case Control Study

Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Diabetes. May 15, 2026; 17(5): 118141
Published online May 15, 2026. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v17.i5.118141

Table 2 Association between diabetic retinopathy and vitamin D deficiency, n (%)

Vitamin D status	Diabetic retinopathy (n = 115)	Type 2 diabetes mellitus (n = 130)	Healthy control (n = 58)	Odds ratio (95%CI)	P value
VDD	63 (54.78)	41 (31.54)	12 (20.69)	3.09 (1.90-5.01)	< 0.001^a
Non VDD	52 (45.22)	89 (68.46)	46 (79.31)	Reference	-

^aP < 0.05.

VDD: Vitamin D deficiency.

Full Size Table

Citation: Liu ZH, Ran ZQ, Yang R, Chen LX, Wang ZZ, Li YY, Han R. Vitamin D, vitamin D receptor FokI polymorphism, and diabetic retinopathy: A case-control study in Kunming, China. World J Diabetes 2026; 17(5): 118141
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v17/i5/118141.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v17.i5.118141

Liu ZH, Ran ZQ, Yang R, Chen LX, Wang ZZ, Li YY, Han R. Vitamin D, vitamin D receptor FokI polymorphism, and diabetic retinopathy: A case-control study in Kunming, China. World J Diabetes 2026; 17(5): 118141 [DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v17.i5.118141]

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