Zuo Gui pill alleviates M1 macrophage polarization in type 2 diabetic osteoporosis through the Nrf2/HO-1/XCT/GPX4 pathway

Figure 5 Zuo Gui pill and Fer-1 regulate M1 macrophage polarization and nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 signaling pathway in type 2 diabetic osteoporosis bone marrow. A: M1 macrophage polarization level in bone marrow; B: Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), hemoxygenase-1 (HO-1), glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), XCT, FTH1, and related mRNA expression of bone metabolism proteins receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B and RUNX2 in bone tissue; C: Protein associated with Nrf2, HO-1, GPX4, and XCT in bone tissue; D: Immunohistochemical staining of Nrf2, HO-1, and GPX4 in bone tissue visualized under a microscope (scale bar: 200 µm). Data were expressed as mean ± SD (n = 3). ^aP < 0.05,^bP < 0.01,^cP < 0.001. GPX4: Glutathione peroxidase 4; HO-1: Hemoxygenase-1; MET: Metformin; Nrf2: Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2; ZGP: Zuo Gui pill; Rankl: Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor κB Ligand; Runx2: Runt-related Transcription Factor 2.