Visceral fat area and remnant cholesterol in type 2 diabetes: Nonlinear associations and thresholds

doi:10.4239/wjd.v17.i5.117583

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World Journal of Diabetes

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1948-9358

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Observational Study

Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Diabetes. May 15, 2026; 17(5): 117583
Published online May 15, 2026. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v17.i5.117583

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population across visceral fat area tertiles

Characteristic	T1, n = 392	T2, n = 387	T3, n = 401	P value
Age (years)	55.00 (48.00-61.00)	56.00 (47.00-63.00)	52.00 (42.00-61.00)	< 0.001
Sex				< 0.001
Female	182 (46.43)	156 (40.31)	100 (24.94)
Male	210 (53.57)	231 (59.69)	301 (75.06)
Current drinking				0.003
No	280 (74.27)	243 (67.13)	226 (60.75)
Yes	91 (25.73)	118 (32.87)	153 (39.25)
Current smoking				0.016
No	244 (69.91)	203 (62.85)	178 (57.05)
Yes	97 (30.09)	119 (37.15)	146 (42.95)
DBP (mmHg)	74.00 (68.00-78.00)	75.00 (70.00-80.00)	77.00 (72.00-85.00)	< 0.001
SBP (mmHg)	124.00 (116.75-131.00)	126.00 (118.00-137.00)	126.00 (120.00-137.00)	< 0.001
HbA1c (%)	9.30 (7.47-11.34)	9.07 (7.43-10.66)	9.61 (7.71-11.00)	0.163
TC (mmol/L)	4.49 (3.94-5.42)	4.68 (3.84-5.55)	4.73 (4.00-5.46)	0.187
HDLC (mmol/L)	1.16 (0.98-1.39)	1.09 (0.94-1.28)	1.00 (0.87-1.20)	< 0.001
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.71 (2.07-3.45)	2.71 (2.08-3.47)	2.66 (2.05-3.40)	0.741
TG (mmol/L)	1.52 (1.04-2.62)	1.92 (1.27-3.23)	2.49 (1.54-4.17)	< 0.001
RC (mg/dL)	15.85 (2.71-26.30)	17.79 (6.96-30.16)	22.43 (10.44-42.92)	< 0.001
RCII	0.92 (0.00-3.42)	2.03 (0.00-6.75)	4.05 (0.00-12.65)	< 0.001
eGFR (mL/minute/1.73 m²)	103.43 (94.76-112.33)	102.15 (92.24-111.39)	105.33 (93.33-115.27)	0.209
SUA (μmol/L)	287.70 (235.42-348.33)	310.50 (262.60-375.30)	353.70 (303.05-417.40)	< 0.001
AST (U/L)	16.60 (13.97-21.30)	19.00 (15.70-26.35)	22.20 (16.70-34.20)	< 0.001
ALT (U/L)	18.70 (13.20-28.90)	23.20 (15.70-38.50)	31.10 (20.50-55.75)	< 0.001
CRP (mg/L)	1.15 (0.50-2.67)	1.67 (0.80-3.34)	2.62 (1.17-5.07)	< 0.001
WBC (× 10⁹/L)	5.90 (5.07-7.30)	6.30 (5.20-7.40)	6.50 (5.50-7.80)	< 0.001
WC (cm)	83.10 (78.55-87.00)	89.00 (85.00-93.00)	97.30 (93.00-102.00)	< 0.001
VFA (cm²)	63.00 (50.00-70.00)	92.00 (86.00-100.00)	130.00 (117.00-152.00)	< 0.001
SFA (cm²)	124.50 (101.00-151.25)	162.00 (137.00-198.00)	219.00 (183.00-265.00)	< 0.001
FT3 (pmol/L)	3.87 (3.52-4.22)	3.96 (3.62-4.31)	4.05 (3.75-4.41)	< 0.001
FT4 (pmol/L)	12.54 (11.68-13.76)	12.57 (11.70-13.64)	12.59 (11.79-13.56)	0.860
TSH (μIU/mL)	1.47 (0.91-2.11)	1.34 (0.93-1.94)	1.40 (1.01-2.06)	0.724
BMI (kg/m²)	22.95 (21.40-24.40)	25.00 (23.70-26.60)	28.00 (26.30-30.80)	< 0.001
25(OH)D (ng/mL)	22.44 (17.00-27.66)	21.73 (16.70-27.16)	20.30 (16.15-24.39)	0.004

Data are presented as median (interquartile range) for continuous variables and n (%) for categorical variables, unless otherwise indicated. Differences across visceral fat area (VFA) tertiles (T1-T3) were assessed using the Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous variables and the χ² test (or Fisher’s exact test where appropriate) for categorical variables. VFA tertiles were defined according to the distribution of VFA in the study population (T1, lowest tertile; T3, highest tertile). HbA1c: Glycated haemoglobin; VFA: Visceral fat area; SFA: Subcutaneous fat area; BMI: Body mass index; WC: Waist circumference; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; TC: Total cholesterol; TG: Triglycerides; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; RC: Residual cholesterol; RCII: Residual cholesterol-inflammation index; SUA: Serum uric acid; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; CRP: C-reactive protein; WBC: White blood cell; FT3: Free triiodothyronine; FT4: Free thyroxine; TSH: Thyroid-stimulating hormone; 25(OH)D: 25-hydroxyvitamin D; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate.

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Citation: Chai DJ, Zhu CY, Zhang YM, Rao ZC. Visceral fat area and remnant cholesterol in type 2 diabetes: Nonlinear associations and thresholds. World J Diabetes 2026; 17(5): 117583
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v17/i5/117583.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v17.i5.117583

Chai DJ, Zhu CY, Zhang YM, Rao ZC. Visceral fat area and remnant cholesterol in type 2 diabetes: Nonlinear associations and thresholds. World J Diabetes 2026; 17(5): 117583 [DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v17.i5.117583]

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