Product of C-reactive protein and fasting C-peptide indicates cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes: A real-world study

Table 1 Characteristics of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus according to the C-reactive protein-fasting C-peptide product quartiles

Variables	Q1 (n = 1937)	Q2 (n = 2429)	Q3 (n = 2403)	Q4 (n = 1717)	P value1	P value2
CRP-FCP product	< 0.73	0.73-2.30	2.31-6.86	> 6.86	-	-
Male	1141 (58.9)	1389 (57.2)	1274 (53.0)	857 (49.9)	< 0.001	< 0.001
Age (years)	58 ± 12	59 ± 12	59 ± 13	60 ± 13	< 0.001	< 0.001
DD (months)	108 (45-168)	96 (36-156)	84 (24-132)	72 (24-132)	< 0.001	< 0.001
Hypertension	821 (42.4)	1231 (50.7)	1385 (57.6)	1098 (63.9)	< 0.001	< 0.001
Obesity	455 (23.5)	1027 (42.3)	1327 (55.2)	1101 (64.1)	< 0.001	< 0.001
Alcohol	330 (17.0)	404 (16.6)	401 (16.7)	250 (14.7)	0.169	0.652
Smoking	575 (29.7)	757 (31.2)	733 (30.5)	474 (27.6)	0.085	0.019
APAs	956 (49.4)	1227 (50.5)	1191 (49.6)	860 (50.1)	0.866	0.756
AHAs	739 (38.2)	1114 (45.9)	1298 (54.0)	1018 (59.3)	< 0.001	< 0.001
LLD	587 (30.3)	966 (39.8)	1078 (44.9)	722 (42.1)	< 0.001	< 0.001
SBP (mmHg)	130 ± 18	131 ± 17	134 ± 17	135 ± 17	< 0.001	< 0.001
DBP (mmHg)	79 ± 9	80 ± 9	81 ± 9	81 ± 9	< 0.001	< 0.001
WC (cm)	84.1 ± 9.6	88.7 ± 9.4	91.8 ± 9.7	94.2 ± 10.1	< 0.001	< 0.001
BMI (kg/m2)	22.94 ± 2.97	24.55 ± 3.07	25.62 ± 3.26	26.52 ± 3.58	< 0.001	< 0.001
WBC (× 109/L)	5.7 (4.8-6.6)	6.0 (5.1-7.1)	6.3 (5.4-7.4)	6.7 (5.6-8.0)	< 0.001	0.001
FPG (mmol/L)	7.2 (5.8-9.3)	7.5 (6.2-9.6)	7.9 (6.5-9.9)	8.4 (6.8-10.3)	< 0.001	0.008
2h PPG (mmol/L)	12.6 (9.4-16.0)	13.3 (10.1-16.6)	13.6 (10.7-16.9)	14.2 (11.0-17.4)	< 0.001	< 0.001
HbA1C (%)	9.21 ± 2.54	8.84 ± 2.24	8.87 ± 2.17	8.86 ± 2.01	< 0.001	< 0.001
HbA1C (mmol/mol)	77 ± 28	73 ± 25	73 ± 24	73 ± 22	< 0.001	< 0.001
2h C-P (ng/mL)	2.68 (1.37-4.87)	4.46 (2.68-7.17)	5.77 (3.60-8.75)	7.32 (4.89-9.91)	< 0.001	< 0.001
TG (mmol/L)	1.01 (0.74-1.40)	1.42 (1.01-2.09)	1.69 (1.17-2.46)	1.75 (1.26-2.58)	< 0.001	< 0.001
TC (mmol/L)	4.70 ± 1.06	4.78 ± 1.18	4.9 ± 1.23	4.84 ± 1.16	< 0.001	< 0.001
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.29 ± 0.37	1.13 ± 0.29	1.08 ± 0.28	1.03 ± 0.25	< 0.001	< 0.001
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.96 ± 0.92	3.04 ± 0.92	3.075 ± 0.94	3.08 ± 0.95	< 0.001	0.320
ALT (U/L)	17 (13-24)	19 (14-27)	22 (15-33)	24 (15-37)	< 0.001	< 0.001
SUA (μmol/L)	282 (237-335)	308 (257-368)	325 (271-382)	339 (282-401)	< 0.001	< 0.001
UAE (mg/24 hours)	9.4 (6.1-20.2)	10.5 (6.6-24.4)	12.0 (7.2-33.3)	16.4 (8.2-52.5)	< 0.001	0.007
eGFR (mL/minute/1.73 m2)	115 (96-138)	111 (94-133)	109 (90-132)	105 (82-129)	< 0.001	< 0.001

¹P values for trend from unadjusted models.

²P values for trend from models adjusted for age and sex.

Values are expressed as the mean ± SD, or median with interquartile range, or percentages. P values indicate P values for trend across quartiles of the C-reactive protein-fasting C-peptide product. CRP: C-reactive protein; FCP: Fasting C-peptide; DD: Duration of diabetes; APAs: Antiplatelet agents; AHAs: Antihypertensive agents; LLDs: Lipid-lowering drugs; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; WC: Waist circumference; BMI: Body mass index; WBC: White blood cell count; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; 2h PPG: 2-hour postprandial plasma glucose; HbA1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin; 2h C-P: 2-hour postprandial C-peptide; TG: Total triglycerides; TC: Total cholesterol; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; SUA: Serum uric acid; UAE: Urinary albumin excretion; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate.