Prediction model for rapid estimated glomerular filtration rate decline in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Figure 2 Forest plot of independent risk factors for diabetic kidney disease progression. All factors demonstrated statistical significance (P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified seven independent risk factors. Urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio ≥ 300 mg/g showed the strongest association [odds ratio (OR) = 5.63, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.89-10.96], followed by baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate 45-59 mL/minute/1.73 m² (OR = 4.17, 95%CI: 2.15-8.09) and hemoglobin A1c ≥ 8.0% (OR = 3.24, 95%CI: 1.76-5.98). Other significant factors included serum uric acid ≥ 420 μmol/L (OR = 2.91), systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg (OR = 2.58), anemia (OR = 2.34), and non-use of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors (OR = 2.15). The vertical dashed line represents OR = 1.0. OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; UACR: Urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio; RAAS: Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.