Prediction model for rapid estimated glomerular filtration rate decline in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Table 1 Comparison of baseline characteristics between rapid and non-rapid estimated glomerular filtration rate decline groups, n (%)

Characteristic	Total (n = 302)	Rapid decline group (n = 89)	Non-rapid decline group (n = 213)	Statistical value	P value
Demographics
Age (year), mean ± SD	58.7 ± 10.3	62.3 ± 9.8	57.1 ± 10.2	t = 3.912	< 0.001
Male	174 (57.6)	52 (58.4)	122 (57.3)	χ2 = 0.035	> 0.05
Diabetes duration (years), mean ± SD	9.2 ± 5.8	11.8 ± 6.2	8.1 ± 5.3	t = 4.783	< 0.001
Follow-up time (years), mean ± SD	2.5 ± 0.8	2.6 ± 0.7	2.5 ± 0.8	t = 0.952	> 0.05
Renal function parameters
Baseline eGFR (mL/minute/1.73 m2), mean ± SD	72.1 ± 19.6	58.4 ± 15.7	78.6 ± 18.3	t = 8.745	< 0.001
UACR (mg/g), median (P25, P75)	98.3 (28.5, 412.7)	368.5 (125.3, 892.6)	45.2 (18.7, 156.3)	Z = 7.821	< 0.001
Metabolic parameters
HbA1c (%), mean ± SD	7.8 ± 1.5	8.7 ± 1.6	7.4 ± 1.2	t = 6.892	< 0.001
Serum uric acid (μmol/L), mean ± SD	387.3 ± 81.5	428.6 ± 82.3	368.5 ± 75.4	t = 5.632	< 0.001
Hemoglobin (g/L), mean ± SD	127.4 ± 17.2	115.8 ± 16.4	132.5 ± 14.8	t = 8.124	< 0.001
Blood pressure
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg), mean ± SD	138.2 ± 17.4	145.8 ± 18.2	134.6 ± 15.7	t = 4.982	< 0.001
Medication use
RAAS inhibitor use	194 (64.2)	47 (52.8)	153 (71.8)	χ2 = 9.876	0.002
SGLT-2 inhibitor use	131 (43.4)	28 (31.5)	103 (48.4)	χ2 = 6.892	0.009

Continuous variables with normal distribution are presented as mean ± SD and compared using independent samples t-test. Skewed data are presented as median (P25, P75) and compared using Mann-Whitney U test. Categorical variables are presented as n (%) and compared using χ² test. eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; UACR: Urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c; RAAS: Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; SGLT-2: Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2.