Environment and diabetes: Is there an association between the COVID-19 pandemic and phenotypic variation in diabetes?

Table 2 Clinical features in men and women with exemption for diabetes, % (95% confidence interval)

	2018-2019	2020-2021	Size effect statistic	P value
Men	n = 18506	n = 18357
Hypertension	34.8 (33.7-36.0)	30.6 (29.4-31.8)	RR = 0.879 (0.849-0.908)	< 0.0001
Cardiovascular disease	14.6 (13.3-15.9)	13.1 (11.8-14.5)	RR = 0.897 (0.846-0.948)	< 0.001
Hyperlipidemia	4.39 (2.98-5.80)	3.90 (2.52-5.35)	RR = 0.894 (0.796-0.992)	< 0.05
Cardiovascular risk factors	45.5 (44.5-46.6)	40.7 (39.6-41.8)	RR = 0.893 (0.869-0.917)	< 0.0001
ATC class C drugs	32.3 (31.1-33.5)	18.1 (16.8: 19.4)	RR = 0.561 (0.524-0.599)	< 0.0001
DALYs, years (95%CI)	5.66 (5.61-5.71)	5.41 (5.36-5.45)	0.252 (0.184-0.320)	< 0.0001
Women	n = 10575	n = 10432
Hypertension	37.5 (36.0-39.0)	33.3 (31.7-34.9)	RR = 0.888 (0.851-0.925)	< 0.0001
Cardiovascular disease	6.26 (4.41-8.11)	5.79 (3.93-7.65)	RR = 0.925 (0.818-1.032)	0.15
Hyperlipidemia	3.52 (1.65-5.39)	3.42 (1.53-5.29)	RR = 0.970 (0.827-1.113)	0.67
Cardiovascular risk factors	42.4 (40.9-43.8)	38.1 (36.6-39.6)	RR = 0.899 (0.866-0.932)	< 0.0001
ATC class C drugs	31.9 (30.4-33.5)	15.4 (13.6-17.1)	RR = 0.481 (0.429-0.534)	< 0.0001
DALYs, years (95%CI)	6.46 (6.38-6.53)	6.32 (6.25-6.38)	0.138 (0.02-0.243)	< 0.05

ATC: Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical; DALYs: Disability-adjusted life years; RR: Rate ratio; CI: Confidence interval.