Prevalence and clinical characteristics of diabetic retinopathy in patients newly diagnosed with ketosis-onset diabetes: A real-world study

Table 2 Risk factors of diabetic retinopathy in each diabetic group

Group	Variables	OR	95%CI	P value
Type 1 diabetes	eGFR	3.638	1.057-12.524	0.041
	2h PCP	3.511	1.182-10.429	0.024
Ketosis-onset	eGFR	1.655	1.075-2.547	0.022
Diabetes	UAE	2.153	1.279-3.625	0.004
Non-ketotic	eGFR	1.517	1.115-2.066	0.008
Type 2 diabetes	UAE	1.653	1.192-2.292	0.003
	BMI	0.842	0.764-0.927	< 0.001

Adjusted for age, sex, hypertension, the use of lipid-lowering drugs and antihypertensive agents, smoking, alcohol drinking, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, waist-to-hip ratio, body mass index, alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, apolipoprotein A, estimated glomerular filtration rate, serum uric acid, urinary albumin excretion, fasting plasma glucose, 2-hour postprandial plasma glucose, C-reactive protein, glycated hemoglobin A1c, fasting C-peptide, 2-hour postprandial C-peptide. OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; 2h PCP: 2-hour postprandial C-peptide; UAE: Urinary albumin excretion; BMI: Body mass index.