Associations of black coffee and black coffee supplemented with milk with diabetes in China: A community-based cross-sectional study

doi:10.4239/wjd.v17.i3.115304

Advanced Search

BPG is committed to discovery and dissemination of knowledge

Home / Archive / Volume 17, Issue 3

This Article

(33)

(65)

(0)

(13)

(733)

Peer-Review Report of This Article

CrossCheck and Google Search of This Article

Academic Rules and Norms of This Article

Supplementary Materials of This Article

Citation of this article

Corresponding Author of This Article

Research Domain of This Article

Article-Type of This Article

Open-Access Policy of This Article

Times Cited Counts in Google of This Article

Journal Information of This Article

Publication Name

World Journal of Diabetes

ISSN

1948-9358

Publisher of This Article

Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Observational Study

Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Diabetes. Mar 15, 2026; 17(3): 115304
Published online Mar 15, 2026. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v17.i3.115304

Table 1 Characteristics of study participants not drink coffee and drink at least one cup of coffee per day, n (%)/median (interquartile range)

	All	Non-coffee drinkers	1 or more cups/day	P value¹
	6876	5149 (75.00)	1727 (25.00)
Age, years				< 0.001
< 60	6275 (91.26)	4587 (89.09)	1688 (97.74)
≥ 60	601 (8.74)	562 (10.91)	39 (2.26)
Sex				0.167
Female	4308 (62.65)	3250 (63.12)	1058 (61.26)
Male	2568 (37.35)	1899 (36.88)	669 (38.74)
BMI, kg/m²				0.378
< 24	3439 (50.01)	2931 (56.92)	1004 (58.14)
≥ 24	3437 (49.99)	2218 (43.08)	723 (41.86)
Education				< 0.001
Primary	2442 (35.51)	2194 (42.61)	248 (14.36)
Secondary	1708 (24.84)	1321 (25.66)	387 (22.41)
Tertiary	2726 (39.65)	1634 (31.73)	1092 (63.23)
Smoking status				0.005
Never smokers	5958 (86.65)	4436 (86.15)	1522 (88.13)
Former smoker	194 (2.39)	164 (3.19)	30 (1.74)
Current smoker	724 (10.53)	549 (10.66)	175 (10.13)
Alcohol drinking status				0.036
Yes	202 (2.94)	164 (3.19)	38 (2.20)
No	6674 (97.06)	4985 (96.81)	1689 (97.80)
Physical activity				< 0.001
No exercise	3192 (46.42)	2476 (48.09)	716 (41.46)
Low intensity exercise	2121 (30.85)	1441 (27.99)	680 (39.37)
Moderate intensity exercise	875 (12.73)	667 (12.95)	208 (12.04)
High intensity exercise	688 (10.01)	565 (10.97)	123 (7.12)
Hypertension				< 0.001
Yes	1708 (24.84)	1383 (26.86)	325 (18.82)
No	5168 (75.16)	3766 (73.14)	1402 (81.18)
Diabetes				< 0.001
Yes	821 (11.94)	684 (13.28)	137 (7.93)
No	6055 (88.06)	4465 (86.72)	1590 (92.07)
Family history of diabetes				0.006
Yes	1238 (18.00)	889 (17.27)	349 (20.21)
No	5638 (82.00)	4260 (82.73)	1378 (79.79)
TC, nmol/L	5.26 (4.63, 5.97)	5.30 (4.67, 6.02)	5.14 (4.53, 5.84)	< 0.001
TG, nmol/L	1.20 (0.86, 1.80)	1.22 (0.87, 1,82)	1.15 (0.83, 1.73)	< 0.001
HDL-C, nmol/L	1.42 (1.22, 1.65)	1.43 (1.22, 1.66)	1.41 (1.21, 1.63)	0.019
LDL-C, nmol/L	2.93 (2.68, 3.42)	2.95 (2.48, 3.45)	2.87 (2.47, 3.37)	0.015

¹Differences between groups were compared by χ² test or Mann-Whitney U test or t test. P value of < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.

BMI: Body mass index; HDL-C: High-density cholesterol lipoprotein; LDL-C: Low-density cholesterol lipoprotein; TC: Total cholesterol; TG: Triglyceride.

Full Size Table

Citation: Zeng Y, Li PY, Chen Z, Yao NF, Ye H, Gui ZH, Chen HL, Liu L, Wan H, Shen J. Associations of black coffee and black coffee supplemented with milk with diabetes in China: A community-based cross-sectional study. World J Diabetes 2026; 17(3): 115304
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v17/i3/115304.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v17.i3.115304

Zeng Y, Li PY, Chen Z, Yao NF, Ye H, Gui ZH, Chen HL, Liu L, Wan H, Shen J. Associations of black coffee and black coffee supplemented with milk with diabetes in China: A community-based cross-sectional study. World J Diabetes 2026; 17(3): 115304 [DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v17.i3.115304]

All content on this site: Copyright © 1993-2026 Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, its licensors, and contributors. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies. For all open access content, the relevant licensing terms apply.