Beyond glycemia: The influence of systemic inflammation, lipids, and the gut-retina axis in diabetic retinopathy

doi:10.4239/wjd.v17.i3.114603

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World Journal of Diabetes

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1948-9358

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Diabetes. Mar 15, 2026; 17(3): 114603
Published online Mar 15, 2026. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v17.i3.114603

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Figure 2 The figure illustrates how diabetes alters systemic and retinal lipid pathways, fatty acid remodeling, cholesterol turnover, and sphingolipid balance, driving oxidative stress, inflammation, and barrier breakdown. LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; DHA: Docosahexaenoic acid; PUFA: Polyunsaturated fatty acids; sEH: Soluble epoxide hydrolase; BRB: Blood-retinal barrier; ABCA1/ABCG1: ATP-binding cassette transporter A1/G1; CYP27A1/46A1: Cytochrome P450 27A1/46A1; ASM: Acid sphingomyelinase; ELOVL4: Elongases-VL4; VLC: Very long chain.

Citation: Zeppieri M, Drigo A, Capobianco M, Visalli F, Cappellani F, Musa M, Giglio R, Tognetto D, Khouyyi M, Gagliano C, D’Esposito F, Inferrera L. Beyond glycemia: The influence of systemic inflammation, lipids, and the gut-retina axis in diabetic retinopathy. World J Diabetes 2026; 17(3): 114603
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v17/i3/114603.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v17.i3.114603

Zeppieri M, Drigo A, Capobianco M, Visalli F, Cappellani F, Musa M, Giglio R, Tognetto D, Khouyyi M, Gagliano C, D’Esposito F, Inferrera L. Beyond glycemia: The influence of systemic inflammation, lipids, and the gut-retina axis in diabetic retinopathy. World J Diabetes 2026; 17(3): 114603 [DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v17.i3.114603]

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