Amomum villosum extract alleviates diabetic neuropathy via phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AKT-mediated antioxidative and anti-apoptotic effects

Figure 4 Amomum villosum Lour. treatment reduced the apoptosis of dorsal root ganglion neurons induced by hyperglycemia in vivo and in vitro. A: Apoptosis levels in rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) tissue were analyzed by flow cytometry; B: Protein expression levels of caspase-3, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)-associated X protein (BAX), and Bcl-2 in rat DRG tissue were detected by Western blotting; C: Primary DRG neurons were pre-treated with 5.5 mmol/L and 50 mmol/L glucose for 24 hours, and Amomum villosum Lour. (AVL) treatment was added in the last 12 hours. Primary cultured DRG neurons were labeled with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) (green) and nuclei were labeled with neuronal nuclei (NeuN) (blue) on the left, and the right figure shows the percentage of healthy neurons (non-apoptotic). ^aP < 0.05. DM: Diabetes mellitus; HG: High glucose; NG: Normal glucose; PI: Propidium Iodide.