Using the triglyceride-glucose index and derived indexes to forecast progression from pre-diabetes to diabetes: A 3-year follow-up study

Table 1 Characteristics of participants, mean ± SD

Variables	Total	Non-diabetes	Diabetes	P value	Cohen’s d value
Type proportion (IFG/IGT)	282/1070	252/947	30/123	0.752
Gender (male/female)	341/1011	289/901	43/110	0.375
Age (year)	58.44 ± 8.21	58.43 ± 8.35	58.58 ± 7.03	0.826	0.01943
Weight (kg)	67.52 ± 10.88	67.14 ± 10.75	70.52 ± 11.43	0.000	0.30464
Height (m)	160.73 ± 7.65	160.70 ± 7.63	160.99 ± 7.92	0.661	0.03729
BMI (kg/m2)	26.08 ± 3.38	25.94 ± 3.33	27.18 ± 3.60	0.000	0.35759
WC (cm)	90.73 ± 9.34	90.40 ± 9.25	93.29 ± 9.64	0.000	0.30592
HC (cm)	101.5 ± 7.23	101.26 ± 7.13	103.37 ± 7.73	0.001	0.28375
WHR	0.89 ± 0.06	0.89 ± 0.06	0.90 ± 0.06	0.061	0.16667
SBP (mmHg)	143.29 ± 20.46	143.04 ± 20.38	145.25 ± 21.00	0.069	0.1068
DBP (mmHg)	81.38 ± 11.21	81.21 ± 11.25	82.68 ± 10.87	0.126	0.13289
FPG (mmol/L)	5.91 ± 0.50	5.90 ± 0.50	6.07 ± 0.49	0.001	0.34342
2hPG (mmol/L)	8.40 ± 1.37	8.38 ± 1.36	8.62 ± 1.40	0.044	0.17389
HbA1c (%)	5.86 ± 0.36	5.83 ± 0.34	6.06 ± 0.47	0.000	0.56073
TC (mmol/L)	5.59 ± 1.07	5.58 ± 1.07	5.64 ± 1.05	0.517	0.0566
TG (mmol/L)	1.64 ± 0.97	1.63 ± 0.98	1.75 ± 0.87	0.139	0.1295
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.39 ± 0.31	1.39 ± 0.32	1.33 ± 0.27	0.015	0.20266
LDL-C (mmol/L)	3.36 ± 0.89	3.35 ± 0.90	3.42 ± 0.85	0.347	0.07997
SUA (μmol/L)	321.8 ± 72.55	319.11 ± 71.28	342.82 ± 78.94	0.000	0.31526
FINS (mU/L)	9.54 ± 4.71	9.41 ± 4.58	10.55 ± 5.54	0.016	0.22429
HOMA-IR	2.52 ± 1.27	2.48 ± 1.26	2.84 ± 1.45	0.004	0.26503
HOMA-β	81.82 ± 43.3	81.26 ± 41.47	86.2 ± 55.57	0.289	0.10076
TyG index (2011)	8.82 ± 0.51	8.80 ± 0.51	8.93 ± 0.47	0.003	0.26509
TyG-BMI (2011)	230.3 ± 34.98	228.64 ± 34.25	243.27 ± 37.91	0.000	0.40497
TyG-WC (2011)	800.59 ± 100.3	796.31 ± 99.25	834.08 ± 102.50	0.000	0.37438
TyG index (2014)	8.83 ± 0.51	8.81 ± 0.50	9.00 ± 0.55	0.000	0.3615
TyG-BMI (2014)	233.40 ± 96.61	230.89 ± 96.30	251.49 ± 97.24	0.021	0.21287
TyG-WC (2014)	788.41 ± 103.09	782.12 ± 98.88	833.71 ± 120.50	0.000	0.46806

IFG: Impaired fasting glucose; IGT: Impaired glucose tolerance; TyG: Triglyceride-glucose; BMI: Body mass index; WC: Waist circumference; HC: Hip circumference; WHR: Waist-hip ratio; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; 2hPG: 2 hours post load plasma glucose; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; TC: Total cholesterol; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SUA: Serum uric acid; FINS: Fasting serum insulin; HOMA-IR: Homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance; HOMA-β: Homeostasis model assessment-beta.