Integrating traditional Chinese medicine syndromes with clinical variables to predict lower extremity arterial disease in type 2 diabetes

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of included patients

Indicator	LEAD group (n = 647)	Non-LEAD group (n = 371)	P value
Age (year)	63 (55, 72)	49 (40, 57)	< 0.001
SBP (mmHg)	132 (122, 145)	130 (120, 142)	0.007
DBP (mmHg)	80 (74, 88)	82 (76, 90)	0.024
Sex			0.410
Male	399 (61.67)	219 (59.03)
Female	248 (38.33)	152 (40.97)
Hypertension	386 (59.66)	141 (38.01)	< 0.001
Coronary heart disease	20 (3.09)	5 (1.35)	0.129
Fatty liver	182 (28.13)	140 (37.74)	0.002
Diabetic nephropathy	176 (27.20)	60 (16.17)	< 0.001
Abnormal complexion	410 (63.37)	203 (54.72)	0.008
Obesity	92 (14.22)	73 (19.68)	0.027
Emaciation	86 (13.29)	23 (6.20)	< 0.001
Dark tongue	513 (79.29)	265 (71.43)	0.007
Red tongue	330 (51.00)	207 (55.80)	0.158
Pale tongue	118 (18.24)	69 (18.60)	0.962
Teeth-marked tongue	8 (1.24)	5 (1.35)	0.897
Tongue with petechiae	6 (0.93)	3 (0.81)	0.991
Cracked tongue	7 (1.08)	5 (1.35)	0.843
Limb numbness	325 (50.23)	144 (38.81)	< 0.001
Limb pain	149 (23.03)	62 (16.71)	0.022
Dizziness and palpitation	293 (45.29)	131 (35.31)	0.002
Fatigue	335 (51.78)	166 (44.74)	0.035
Chest tightness	157 (24.27)	86 (23.18)	0.716
Blurred vision	357 (55.18)	174 (46.90)	0.013
Polyphagia	90 (13.91)	69 (18.60)	0.062
Frequent urination	229 (35.39)	146 (39.35)	0.234

Data are expressed as median (Q1, Q3) for continuous variables and n (%) for categorical variables. Continuous and ordinal variables were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test (with ties correction). P values were pooled from five multiple imputations using Rubin’s rules. LEAD: Lower extremity arterial disease; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure.