Explainable machine learning model for predicting minor amputation in diabetic foot ulcers

Figure 5 SHapley Additive exPlanations-based interpretation of the random forest model. A: Mean SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) value bar plot ranking the four key features by importance (fibrinogen > C-reactive protein-albumin-lymphocyte > albumin > pedal vessel calcification); B: SHAP summary (beeswarm) plot, where each dot represents one patient, color indicates feature value (yellow = high, blue = low), and the X-axis shows SHAP value; C-F: SHAP dependence plots for fibrinogen, pedal vessel calcification, C-reactive protein-albumin-lymphocyte, and albumin; blue dots indicate non-amputation and orange dots indicate amputation, and the horizontal dashed line marks SHAP value = 0. ALB: Albumin; CALLY: C-reactive protein-albumin-lymphocyte; FIB: Fibrinogen; PVC: Pedal vessel calcification; SHAP: SHapley Additive exPlanations.