Explainable machine learning model for predicting minor amputation in diabetic foot ulcers

doi:10.4239/wjd.124921

Advanced Search

BPG is committed to discovery and dissemination of knowledge

Home / Archive / Volume 17, Issue 11

This Article

(3)

(2)

(0)

(146)

Peer-Review Report of This Article

Journal Information of This Article

Publication Name

World Journal of Diabetes

ISSN

1948-9358

Publisher of This Article

Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Retrospective Cohort Study

Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Diabetes. Nov 15, 2026; 17(11): 124921
Published online Nov 15, 2026. doi: 10.4239/wjd.124921

Table 1 Comparison of basic information between the two groups, n (%)/mean ± SD/median (interquartile range)

Variables	Non-amputation group (n = 370)	Minor amputation group (n = 315)	P value
Gender
Male	259 (70)	243 (77)	0.043
Female	111 (30)	72 (23)
Smoking
No	187 (51)	171 (54)	0.367
Yes	183 (49)	144 (46)
Alcohol
No	239 (65)	202 (64)	0.962
Yes	131 (35)	113 (36)
Hypertension
No	122 (33)	96 (30)	0.537
Yes	248 (67)	219 (70)
CAD
No	265 (72)	224 (71)	0.950
Yes	105 (28)	91 (29)
ABI
Abnormal	256 (69)	206 (65)	0.330
Normal	114 (31)	109 (35)
CVD
No	277 (75)	239 (76)	0.829
Yes	93 (25)	76 (24)
PVC
No	164 (44)	93 (30)	< 0.001
Yes	206 (56)	222 (70)
Age (years)	62.5 (54, 70)	63 (55, 70)	0.534
DM duration (years)	17 (10, 21)	19 (10, 23)	0.313
DFU duration (months)	1.50 (0.70, 4.00)	1.00 (0.70, 3.00)	0.480
Diabetic peripheral vascular disease	355 (96)	299 (95)	0.646
PAD	107 (29)	198 (64)	< 0.001
DKD	167 (45)	173 (55)	0.013
DR	185 (50)	176 (56)	0.145
Wagner grade > 3	292 (78)	271 (85)	0.020
Wound size			0.109
Small	167 (45)	126 (40)
Medium	111 (30)	88 (28)
Large	92 (25)	101 (32)
Ulcer site			0.484
Forefoot	342 (93)	283 (90)
Midfoot	24 (6)	27 (9)
Hindfoot/lower leg	0 (0)	3 (0.9)
Multiple sites	4 (1)	2 (0.6)
WBC (10⁹/L)	7.00 (5.78, 8.81)	8.60 (6.78, 11.29)	< 0.001
RBC (10⁹/L)	3.99 ± 0.67	3.77 ± 0.64	< 0.001
Hb (g/L)	117.19 ± 18.96	110.16 ± 19.60	< 0.001
PLT (10⁹/L)	260.50 (211.00, 327.50)	315.00 (246.00, 406.50)	< 0.001
NEUT (10⁹/L)	4.60 (3.50, 6.18)	6.20 (4.60, 8.84)	< 0.001
MONO (10⁹/L)	0.47 (0.36, 0.60)	0.57 (0.44, 0.73)	< 0.001
LYM (10⁹/L)	1.65 (1.25, 2.05)	1.49 (1.17, 1.92)	0.004
CRP (mg/L)	9.00 (2.39, 27.64)	34.60 (11.57, 76.26)	< 0.001
HbA1c (%)	8.50 (7.30, 9.85)	9.10 (7.80, 10.60)	< 0.001
FPG (mmol/L)	8.15 (6.10, 10.70)	8.10 (6.20, 11.00)	0.464
BUN (mmol/L)	6.40 (4.90, 8.50)	6.20 (4.70, 8.10)	0.152
Scr (µmol/L)	71.00 (58.05, 94.00)	72.30 (59.00, 96.85)	0.592
TC (mmol/L)	3.78 (3.17, 4.37)	3.66 (2.96, 4.31)	0.074
TG (mmol/L)	1.30 (1.02, 1.83)	1.24 (0.99, 1.69)	0.169
HDL-C (mmol/L)	0.92 (0.79, 1.09)	0.83 (0.72, 0.95)	< 0.001
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.12 (1.64, 2.62)	2.14 (1.65, 2.67)	0.840
ALB (g/L)	38.40 (35.44, 41.48)	35.20 (32.15, 38.95)	< 0.001
Ca (mmol/L)	2.22 (2.12, 2.32)	2.19 (2.08, 2.30)	< 0.001
BUA (µmol/L)	318.00 (250.25, 378.75)	285.00 (227.00, 364.50)	0.002
FIB (g/L)	4.26 (3.63, 4.89)	5.03 (4.40, 5.53)	< 0.001
BMI (kg/m²)	24.18 (22.22, 26.76)	24.24 (22.31, 26.65)	0.678
Neutrophil percentage	66.90 (59.15, 73.60)	72.70 (66.40, 79.05)	< 0.001
Lymphocyte percentage	23.00 (17.02, 30.10)	17.80 (12.35, 23.30)	< 0.001
NLR	2.90 (1.96, 4.25)	4.05 (2.86, 6.34)	< 0.001
NPR	0.02 (0.01, 0.02)	0.02 (0.02, 0.03)	< 0.001
PLR	159.26 (118.39, 216.67)	210 (151.86, 285.21)	< 0.001
MHR	0.49 (0.36, 0.71)	0.67 (0.50, 0.90)	< 0.001
NHR	4.96 (3.64, 7.33)	7.55 (5.20, 10.36)	< 0.001
SIRI	0.86 (0.47, 1.73)	1.48 (0.80, 3.27)	< 0.001
CALLY	0.74 (0.20, 3.37)	0.17 (0.07, 0.56)	< 0.001
SII	757.04 (464.92, 1204.66)	1302.39 (747.74, 2186.72)	< 0.001

ALB: Albumin; BMI: Body mass index; BUA: Blood uric acid; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; Ca: Serum calcium; CAD: Coronary artery disease; CALLY: C-reactive protein-albumin-lymphocyte; CRP: C-reactive protein; CVD: Cerebrovascular disease; DKD: Diabetic kidney disease; FIB: Fibrinogen; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; Hb: Hemoglobin; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LYM: Lymphocyte count; MHR: Monocyte-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio; MONO: Monocyte count; NEUT: Neutrophil count; NHR: Neutrophil-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio; NLR: Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio; NPR: Neutrophil-platelet ratio; PLR: Platelet-lymphocyte ratio; PLT: Platelet count; PVC: Pedal vessel calcification; RBC: Red blood cell count; Scr: Serum creatinine; SII: Systemic immune-inflammation index; SIRI: Systemic inflammation response index; TC: Total cholesterol; TG: Triglycerides; WBC: White blood cell count; PAD: Peripheral arterial disease; DR: Diabetic retinopathy; DM: Diabetes mellitus; DFU: Diabetic foot ulcer; ABI: Ankle-brachial index.

Full Size Table

Citation: Yang ZJ, Zhao JY, Hu SC, Chen Y, Kang YF, Li J, Wang LC, Chen HM, Zhang ZY, Yang CZ, Zhu D. Explainable machine learning model for predicting minor amputation in diabetic foot ulcers. World J Diabetes 2026; 17(11): 124921
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v17/i11/124921.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.124921

Yang ZJ, Zhao JY, Hu SC, Chen Y, Kang YF, Li J, Wang LC, Chen HM, Zhang ZY, Yang CZ, Zhu D. Explainable machine learning model for predicting minor amputation in diabetic foot ulcers. World J Diabetes 2026; 17(11): 124921 [DOI: 10.4239/wjd.124921]

All content on this site: Copyright © 1993-2026 Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, its licensors, and contributors. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies. For all open access content, the relevant licensing terms apply.