Diabetes as a pan-cancer risk factor: Triangulated evidence from global burden, longitudinal cohorts, and Mendelian randomization

Table 1 Association between diabetic status and cancer prevalence

Case		Model 1			Model 2			Model 3
		OR	95%CI	P value	OR	95%CI	P value	OR	95%CI	P value
1NHANES	Prediabetes	1.66	1.48-1.86	< 0.001	1.26	1.12-1.41	< 0.001	1.25	0.99-1.59	0.068
	Diabetes	2.46	2.16-2.81	< 0.001	1.59	1.36-1.85	< 0.001	1.64	1.18-2.28	0.004
2CHARLS	Prediabetes	0.95	0.77-1.17	0.632	0.85	0.67-1.08	0.179	1.69	0.98-2.89	0.057
	Diabetes	1.79	1.58-2.03	< 0.001	1.65	1.44-1.89	< 0.001	2.00	1.11-3.59	0.020

¹Normoglycemia as reference group in National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Model 2 for NHANES adjusted for age, gender, and ethnicity. Model 3 for NHANES adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, education level, family income, alcohol consumption, cigarette use, physical activity, hypertension, and body mass index.

²Normoglycemia as reference group in China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). Model 2 for CHARLS adjusted for age, gender, and race. Model 3 for CHARLS adjusted for age, gender, race, education level, family income, alcohol consumption, cigarette use, physical activity, dietary patterns, hypertension, and body mass index.

CHARLS: China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study; NHANES: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; OR: Odds ratio.