Cluster-based metabolic subphenotypes and projected cross-organ risk in Chinese adults with prediabetes

Figure 1 Distributions of continuous risk-score-derived organ-risk measures across metabolic subtypes. A: Cardiovascular disease 10-year risk; B: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) risk probability; C: Fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) index. Violin plots show the subtype-specific distributions of Framingham-estimated 10-year cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, CKD prognosis consortium-estimated projected 5-year CKD risk, and FIB-4 index among adults with prediabetes assigned to four metabolic subtypes. Embedded box plots indicate the interquartile range, whiskers extend to 1.5 × interquartile range, and white circles indicate medians. The continuous distributions differed across subtypes for all three measures by Kruskal-Wallis test (all P < 0.001). Higher values indicate greater risk-score-derived CVD risk, projected CKD risk, or FIB-4-defined liver fibrosis-risk signal. CVD risk was analyzed in 452 participants, projected CKD risk in 448 participants, and FIB-4 in 621 participants. CVD: Cardiovascular disease; CKD: Chronic kidney disease; FIB-4: Fibrosis-4; MARD: Mild age-related dysmetabolism; MOD: Mild obesity-related dysmetabolism; SID: Severe insulin deficiency; SIR: Severe insulin resistance.