Postmenopausal high-gonadotropin-releasing hormone environment mediates pancreatic β-cell compensation via the cAMP-PKA-PDX1 pathway

Figure 1 Tissue distribution and β-cell-specific localization of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor. A-C: Representative immunoblots and quantitative analysis of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR) protein expression in the murine pancreas compared with reproductive tissues (ovary and uterus). GAPDH was utilized as the loading control. ^bP < 0.01 vs ovary or adrenal, ^cP < 0.001 vs thyroid or uterus, and ^dP < 0.0001 vs thyroid, adrenal, ovary or uterus; D-G: Comparative analysis of GnRHR expression in murine β-cell (MIN6) vs α-cell (αTC1-6) lines. ^bP < 0.01 vs αTC1-6, ^dP < 0.0001 vs αTC1-6. H: Representative dual-immunofluorescence images displaying the colocalization of GnRHR (red) and insulin (green) within pancreatic islets. Nuclei were visualized through DAPI counterstaining (blue). Scale bar = 200 μm. Statistical analysis: Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM from three independent experiments. GnRHR: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor.