Pathophysiological mechanisms and risk factors linking type 2 diabetes mellitus and sarcopenia: A narrative review

Table 3 Studies on the effect of physical exercise on sarcopenia with T2DM

Physical exercise intervention	Study design	Duration	Target population	Research objectives	Results	Ref.
Low-volume walking high-intensity interval training	Randomized controlled trial	12 weeks	Older women with T2DM	Cardiovascular risk profile and physical capacity	Significantly improved	Marcotte-Chénard et al[159]
ST, aerobic training	Randomized, controlled trial	9 months	Normal-weight T2DM	HbA1c level and body composition	ST – significantly improved outcomes and increased lean body mass	Kobayashi et al[160]
Progressive sandbag exercise training	Randomized, controlled trial	12 weeks	Patients with T2DM and possible sarcopenia	HbA1c levels, muscle strength, and physical performance	Significantly improved	Chien et al[78]
Resistance exercise	Own-controlled before-and-after cohort study	24 hours	Older patients with T2DM and sarcopenia	Blood glucose	Lower blood glucose	Zhao et al[161]
In-Hospital exercise rehabilitation	Randomized, controlled trial	12 weeks	Middle-aged and elderly patients with T2DM and sarcopenia	Blood glucose, lipids, and muscle strength	Effectively improve	Shi et al[162]

T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; HbA1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin; ST: Strength training.