Pathophysiological mechanisms and risk factors linking type 2 diabetes mellitus and sarcopenia: A narrative review

Table 2 Studies on the effect of nutritional intervention on sarcopenia in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Nutrition intervention	Study design	Target population	Age (years old)	Research objectives	Results	Ref.
Vitamin intake	Prospective cohort study	T2DM patients	≥ 65	Loss of muscle mass	Vitamin D intake is associated	Takahashi et al[92]
Protein intake	Cross-sectional	T2DM patients	≥ 31	Muscle loss	Negative impact	Fanelli et al[151]
Protein supplementation	Randomized controlled study	T2DM patients	> 55	Physical performance and body composition	Positively improved	Argyropoulou et al[152]
BCAAs	Longitudinal study	T2DM patients	56.6 ± 10.6	Skeletal muscle loss	Negatively associated	Low et al[153]
Medical nutrition therapy	prospective study	T2DM patients	74 ± 6.0	Handgrip strength	Effective	Gaglio et al[154]
Omega-3 fatty acids intake	Cross-sectional	T2DM patients	74.2 ± 5.7	Sarcopenia	Negatively associated	Okamura et al[155]
BCAAs	Randomized controlled study	T2DM patients	65-80	Skeletal muscle mass	No significant correlation	Matsuda et al[156]
Exercise and protein intake	Cohort study	T2DM patients	≥ 65	Decreasing skeletal muscle mass index	Negatively associated	Hashimoto et al[157]
Resistance training and nutritional interventions	Prospective cohort study	Frail T2DM patients	79 ± 5.6	SPPB, maximal strength and power output	Positively improved	Izquierdo et al[158]

SPPB: Short physical performance battery; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; BCAAs: Branched-chain amino acids.