Pathophysiological mechanisms and risk factors linking type 2 diabetes mellitus and sarcopenia: A narrative review

Table 1 Methods for diagnostic criteria by different working groups

Ref.	Muscle mass	Muscle strength	Physical performance
Cruz-Jentoft et al[7], EWGSOP2	DXA (ALM/height2): Male < 7.00 kg/m2, female < 6.00 kg/m2 or CT or BIA or MRI	Grip strength: Male < 27 kg, female < 16 kg	Gait speed: < 0.8 m/second or SPPB: ≤ 8 or TUG: ≥ 20 seconds
Bhasin et al[8], SDOC	Not specified	Grip strength: Male < 35.5 kg, female < 20 kg	Gait speed: < 0.8 m/second
Chen et al[9], AWGS	DXA (ASM): Male < 7.0 kg/m2, female < 5.4 kg/m2 or BIA (ASM): Male ≤ 7.0 kg/m2, female < 5.7 kg/m2	Grip strength: Male < 28 kg, female < 18 kg	Gait speed (6 m): < 1.0 m/second or 5 times stand-to-sit test: > 12 seconds or SPPB: ≤ 9
Fielding et al[10], IWGS	DXA (ALM/height2): Male < 7.23 kg/m2, female < 5.67 kg/m2	Not specified	Gait speed (4 m): < 1.0 m/second or standing up from a chair
Studenski et al[11], FNIH	DXA (ALM/BMI): Male < 0.789 kg/BMI, female < 0.512 kg/BMI	Grip strength: Male < 26 kg, female < 16 kg	Gait speed (4 m), gait speed (6 m): < 0.8 m/second

SDOC: Sarcopenia Definition and Outcomes Consortium; ALM: Appendicular lean mass; CT: Computed tomography; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; BMI: Body mass index; ASM: Appendicular skeletal mass; SPPB: Short physical performance battery; DXA: Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; BIA: Bioelectrical impedance.