Human pregnancy outcomes after early glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist exposure: A scoping review

Table 2 Case series of human glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist exposure before or during pregnancy

Ref.	Country	GLP-1RA/dose	Exposure window/cessation timing	Maternal background/metabolic profile	Delivery/birth weight	Maternal outcome	Fetal/neonatal outcome	Follow-up	Interpretation
Doğan et al[21], 2024 (case 1)	Turkey	Exenatide, dose NR	13-17 GW for approximately 4 weeks	40 years; morbid obesity, 139 kg; PCOS and T2D; BMI: > 35 kg/m2	First pregnancy: 37 weeks; delivery mode NR	Uneventful	ASD (secundum): 4 mm	ASD closed spontaneously by 3 years	Isolated ASD; high-risk metabolic substrate; later spontaneous closure
Doğan et al[21], 2024 (case 2)	Turkey	Exenatide, dose NR	3 months preconception to 13 GW	Same patient	Second pregnancy: 37.5 weeks	Uneventful	No congenital anomaly	5 years, uneventful	Same mother later had unaffected pregnancy; argues against reproducible teratogenic pattern
Banerjee and Dasgupta[22], 2026 (case 1)	India	Dulaglutide 1.5 mg/week	7 months preconception to 6-7 GW until pregnancy confirmation	26 years; PCOS, morbid obesity, OSA, hypothyroidism, T2D, MASLD; BMI: 47.9 kg/m2	NR; 2900 g	Uneventful	Healthy baby	NR	Reassuring early dulaglutide exposure in high-risk metabolic background
Banerjee and Dasgupta[22], 2026 (case 2)	India	Oral semaglutide 7 mg/day	12 months preconception to 6 GW until pregnancy confirmation	28 years; PCOS, obesity, T2D, infertility; BMI: 36.25 kg/m2	NR; 2600 g	Uneventful	Healthy baby	NR	Reassuring early semaglutide exposure; sparse follow-up
Morton and He[23], 2026 (case 1)	Australia	Semaglutide, dose NR	Preconception to 4 GW	33 years; G3P2; T2D and obesity; BMI: 35 kg/m2	LUCS, 38.3 weeks; 3910 g	Uneventful	Healthy baby	NR	Reassuring
Morton and He[23], 2026 (case 2)	Australia	Semaglutide, dose NR	Preconception to 4 GW	35 years; G1P0; T2D and obesity, BMI: 37 kg/m2; HTN, smoker, idiopathic intracranial hypertension	38.1 weeks; 3288 g	Uneventful	Cardiac anomaly, not specified	NR	Isolated unspecified cardiac anomaly with multiple maternal confounders
Morton and He[23], 2026 (case 3)	Australia	Semaglutide, dose NR	Preconception to 6 GW	37 years; G4P3; T2D, morbid obesity, BMI: 43 kg/m2; HTN	38.4 weeks; 3484 g	Uneventful	Healthy baby	NR	Reassuring
Morton and He[23], 2026 (case 4)	Australia	Semaglutide, dose NR	Preconception to 7 GW	31 years; G6P5; T2D and obesity, BMI: 40 kg/m2; Addison disease, OSA, previous neonatal death	LUCS, 35.6 weeks; 4800 g	Preterm delivery	Macrosomia, polyhydramnios, RDS	NR	Adverse metabolic/neonatal outcomes in very high-risk pregnancy
Morton and He[23], 2026 (case 5)	Australia	Semaglutide, dose NR	Preconception to 6 GW	35 years; G3P2; T2D and obesity, BMI: 30 kg/m2	Vaginal delivery, 31.6 weeks; 1035 g	Preeclampsia, preterm delivery	Fetal growth restriction	NR	Severe obstetric outcome; maternal diabetes/obesity confounding substantial
Morton and He[23], 2026 (case 6)	Australia	Semaglutide, dose NR	Preconception to 6 GW	31 years; G3P2; T2D, obesity, BMI: 40 kg/m2; PCOS	LUCS, 38.2 weeks; 3950 g	Uneventful	Macrosomia	NR	Macrosomia likely metabolic background-related
Morton and He[23], 2026 (case 7)	Australia	Semaglutide, dose NR	Preconception to 6 GW	35 years; G1P0; T2D, obesity, BMI: 30 kg/m2	36.4 weeks; 3360 g	Preterm delivery	Healthy baby	NR	Preterm but otherwise reassuring
Morton and He[23], 2026 (case 8)	Australia	Semaglutide, dose NR	Preconception to 6 GW	39 years; G3P2; T2D, overweight, BMI: 29 kg/m2	34.5 weeks; 3896 g	Preterm delivery	Fetal distress, RDS	NR	Adverse neonatal respiratory outcome; background T2D and prematurity confound interpretation
Morton and He[23], 2026 (case 9)	Australia	Semaglutide, dose NR	Preconception to 6 GW	27 years; G2P1; T2D, overweight, BMI: 29 kg/m2	36.5 weeks; 3080 g	Preterm delivery	Healthy baby	NR	Preterm but no anomaly
Morton and He[23], 2026 (case 10)	Australia	Semaglutide, dose NR	Preconception to 6 GW	26 years; G1P0; T2D, overweight, BMI: 26 kg/m2	38.1 weeks; 3348 g	Uneventful	Healthy baby	NR	Reassuring
Morton and He[23], 2026 (case 11)	Australia	Semaglutide, dose NR	Preconception to 4 GW	34 years; G1P0; T2D, obesity, BMI: 40 kg/m2	40 weeks; 3462 g	Uneventful	Healthy baby	NR	Reassuring
Morton and He[23], 2026 (case 12)	Australia	Semaglutide, dose NR	Preconception to 2 GW	33 years; G1P0; T2D, obesity, BMI: 30 kg/m2	38.3 weeks; 3852 g	Uneventful	Macrosomia	NR	Macrosomia likely diabetes/obesity-related
Morton and He[23], 2026 (case 13)	Australia	Semaglutide, dose NR	Preconception to 6 GW	35 years; G2P1; obesity, non-T2D	LUCS, 38.5 weeks; 3930 g	Uneventful	Macrosomia	NR	Reassuring for malformation; fetal size remains a metabolic issue

Detailed Joanna Briggs Institute domain-level appraisal of case series is provided in Supplementary Table 3. ASD: Atrial septal defect; BMI: Body mass index; G: Gravida; GLP-1RA: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; GW: Gestational week; HTN: Hypertension; LUCS: Lower uterine cesarean section; MASLD: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease; NR: Not reported/not retrievable; OSA: Obstructive sleep apnea; P: Para; PCOS: Polycystic ovary syndrome; RDS: Respiratory distress syndrome; T2D: Type 2 diabetes.