Combined effects of glycemic status and adiposity on cardiovascular risk in chronic kidney disease: A nationwide population-based study

doi:10.4239/wjd.v17.i1.114624

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World Journal of Diabetes

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1948-9358

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Diabetes. Jan 15, 2026; 17(1): 114624
Published online Jan 15, 2026. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v17.i1.114624

Table 3 Baseline characteristics of participants by level of waist circumferences

Group	WCs (male/female)
Group	< 80/< 75 (n = 445617)	< 85/< 80 (n = 358075)	< 90/< 85 (n = 378139)	< 95/< 90 (n = 273818)	< 100/< 95 (n = 149269)	≥ 100/≥ 95 (n = 109941)	P value
Age (year)	52.37 ± 16.17	58.13 ± 13.73	60.06 ± 13.20	60.82 ± 13.16	61.02 ± 13.66	58.81 ± 15.12	< 0.0001
39	198542 (11.58)	96433 (21.64)	32726 (9.14)	26123 (6.91)	17981 (6.57)	11316 (7.58)	< 0.0001
40-64	902922 (52.65)	239284 (53.70)	202415 (56.53)	201019 (53.16)	138486 (50.58)	70970 (47.55)
≥ 65	613395 (35.77)	109900 (24.66)	122934 (34.33)	150997 (39.93)	117351 (42.86)	66983 (44.87)
Sex (male)	815109 (47.53)	160554 (36.03)	184340 (51.48)	198169 (52.41)	147268 (53.78)	73968 (49.55)	< 0.0001
Smoking							< 0.0001
Non	321941 (72.25)	226439 (63.24)	236728 (62.60)	167768 (61.27)	95150 (63.74)	321941 (72.25)
Former	48723 (10.93)	62843 (17.55)	72346 (19.13)	55303 (20.20)	27670 (18.54)	48723 (10.93)
Current	74953 (16.82)	68793 (19.21)	69065 (18.26)	50747 (18.53)	26449 (17.72)	74953 (16.82)
Drinking¹							< 0.0001
Non	278821 (62.57)	218854 (61.12)	234984 (62.14)	169578 (61.93)	95478 (63.96)	71073 (64.65)
Mild	145938 (32.75)	116100 (32.42)	117063 (30.96)	83123 (30.36)	42164 (28.25)	29907 (27.20)
Heavy	20858 (4.68)	23121 (6.46)	26092 (6.90)	21117 (7.71)	11627 (7.79)	8961 (8.15)
PA-regular²	91577 (20.55)	80060 (22.36)	81067 (21.44)	54497 (19.90)	26872 (18.00)	17207 (15.65)	< 0.0001
Income-low³	100487 (22.55)	76710 (21.42)	80359 (21.25)	58281 (21.28)	32372 (21.69)	100487 (22.55)	< 0.0001
Hypertension	133696 (30.00)	169039 (47.21)	215195 (56.91)	176686 (64.53)	105284 (70.53)	83485 (75.94)	< 0.0001
Dyslipidemia	97624 (21.91)	120857 (33.75)	150220 (39.73)	119632 (43.69)	70589 (47.29)	54924 (49.96)	< 0.0001
eGFR < 60 mL/minute/1.73 m²	217826 (48.88)	212775 (59.42)	236063 (62.43)	171542 (62.65)	92273 (61.82)	61185 (55.65)	< 0.0001
Proteninuria, positive	243137 (54.56)	160187 (44.74)	159386 (42.15)	116057 (42.38)	65197 (43.68)	55271 (50.27)	< 0.0001
Height, cm	160.3 ± 8.52	161.43 ± 9.18	161.64 ± 9.58	162.18 ± 9.91	162.02 ± 10.24	162.57 ± 10.75	< 0.0001
Weight, kg	54.07 ± 7.75	61.23 ± 8.52	65.2 ± 9.39	69.53 ± 10.31	73.53 ± 11.45	82.1 ± 15.06	< 0.0001
BMI, kg/m²	21 ± 2.17	23.42 ± 1.95	24.86 ± 2.05	26.33 ± 2.19	27.88 ± 2.40	30.88 ± 3.55	< 0.0001
WC, cm	70.92 ± 4.97	79.6 ± 2.91	84.52 ± 2.9	89.45 ± 2.82	94.14 ± 2.88	101.99 ± 5.56	< 0.0001
FBS, mg/dL	99.68 ± 31.06	106.53 ± 34.58	109.96 ± 35.92	112.9 ± 37.22	115.71 ± 38.98	120.79 ± 43.36	< 0.0001
SBP, mmHg	119.97 ± 15.86	125.62 ± 15.69	127.97 ± 15.59	129.87 ± 15.71	131.38 ± 15.91	133.72 ± 16.80	< 0.0001
DBP, mmHg	74.46 ± 10.25	77.24 ± 10.26	78.42 ± 10.29	79.42 ± 10.52	80.29 ± 10.79	81.91 ± 11.65	< 0.0001
TC, mg/dL	193.52 ± 38.91	198.98 ± 40.9	200.18 ± 41.8	200.21 ± 42.38	200.46 ± 43.09	200.89 ± 43.59	< 0.0001
HDL-C, mg/dL	59.99 ± 17.79	53.94 ± 16.02	51.8 ± 14.89	50.52 ± 14.48	50.03 ± 14.51	49.54 ± 14.12	< 0.0001
LDL-C, mg/dL	112.21 ± 35.32	117.59 ± 37.46	117.95 ± 38.22	117.2 ± 38.90	116.67 ± 39.66	116.33 ± 39.70	< 0.0001
eGFR, mL/minute/1.73 m²	74.08 ± 26.44	67.72 ± 23.19	65.91 ± 22.22	65.51 ± 22.03	65.77 ± 22.74	68.84 ± 25.00	< 0.0001
Triglyceride, mg/dL	92.04 (91.9-92.19)	119.72 (119.51-119.93)	133.83 (133.6-134.06)	144.27 (143.98-144.56)	151.22 (150.81-151.62)	158.00 (157.51-158.48)	< 0.0001

¹Alcohol consumptions ≥ 30 g/day.

²Regular exercise: Mid-term exercise ≥ 5 days or vigorous exercise ≥ 3 days in a week.

³Low income 25%.

Data were showed as mean ± SD, n (%) or median (range). PA: Physical activity; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; BMI: Body mass index; WC: Waist circumference; FBS: Fasting blood glucose; TC: Total cholesterol; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

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Citation: Bae EH, Lim SY, Kim BS, Han K, Suh SH, Choi HS, Yang EM, Kim CS, Ma SK, Kim SW. Combined effects of glycemic status and adiposity on cardiovascular risk in chronic kidney disease: A nationwide population-based study. World J Diabetes 2026; 17(1): 114624
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v17/i1/114624.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v17.i1.114624

Bae EH, Lim SY, Kim BS, Han K, Suh SH, Choi HS, Yang EM, Kim CS, Ma SK, Kim SW. Combined effects of glycemic status and adiposity on cardiovascular risk in chronic kidney disease: A nationwide population-based study. World J Diabetes 2026; 17(1): 114624 [PMID: 41608095 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v17.i1.114624]

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