Peripheral nerve-mediated glucose lowering: Mechanisms, translational strategies, and future perspectives

Table 3 Typical patents for precise regulation of blood glucose based on the peripheral nervous system

Number	Name	First inventor	Core mechanism	Function	Ref.
US10722714B2	Methods and systems for glucose regulation	Arnold W Thornton	Modulating peripheral nerves affects insulin/GLP-1 secretion to regulate glycemia	Improve blood sugar control in diabetic patients	Yu et al[42], 2022
US8579891B2	Devices for thermally-induced hepatic neuromodulation	Jonathan Allen Coe	Destroying hepatic sympathetic nerves reduces hepatic glucose production via thermal ablation	Thermal ablation lowers blood sugar levels	Zhang et al[43], 2025
US20200046968A1	Transdermal optogenetic peripheral nerve stimulation	Hugh M Herr	Optogenetic activation of peripheral nerves via percutaneous light delivery from wearables regulates physiological functions	Optogenetic stimulation assists in blood glucose regulation	Kaushik et al[44], 2025
US8538542B2	Nerve stimulation and blocking for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders	Mark B Knudson	Vagus nerve electrical stimulation improves pancreatic exocrine, thereby modulating glucose metabolism	Improves digestion and assists in blood sugar regulation	Zhang et al[45], 2023
US9872985B2	Glucose regulation via electrical stimulation of nerves innervating the liver or pancreas	Robert Butera	Hepatic vagus/visceral nerve stimulation directly regulates hepatic glucose flux	No medication for blood sugar control	Dirr et al[46], 2023
US6885888B2	Electrical stimulation of the sympathetic nerve chain	Ali R Rezai	Sympathetic chain stimulation modulates ganglia, altering metabolic responses	It is widely used for treatment and does not directly target blood sugar	Payne et al[47], 2022