Body composition and adipokines in pregnant women: Associations with gestational diabetes mellitus risk

Table 1 Comparison of general data between gestational diabetes mellitus group and normal glucose tolerance group, mean ± SD/n (%)

Variables	GDM group (n = 276)	NGT group (n = 1380)	Test statistic	P value
Age (years)	32.5 ± 5.4	31.8 ± 5.1	t = 1.82	0.069
Height (m)	160.8 ± 6.2	161.1 ± 5.5	t = -0.75	0.453
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2)	23.6 ± 3.9	22.3 ± 4.8	t = 4.85	< 0.001
Second-trimester weight gain (kg), median (P25, P75)	8.0 (5.2, 10.3)	7.6 (4.8, 9.9)	Z = 1.21	0.226
Parity			χ2 = 3.12	0.210
0	102 (36.9)	558 (40.5)
1	155 (56.2)	690 (50.0)
≥ 2	19 (6.9)	132 (9.5)
FPG (mmol/L)	5.3 ± 0.6	4.7 ± 0.4	t = 12.35	< 0.001
1-hour post-OGTT glucose (mmol/L)	9.7 ± 1.4	7.4 ± 1.3	t = 20.12	< 0.001
2-hour post-OGTT glucose (mmol/L)	8.1 ± 1.4	6.4 ± 1.0	t = 15.87	< 0.001
FINS (mU/L)	0.7 ± 0.4	0.5 ± 0.3	t = 6.51	< 0.001
HOMA-IR	0.06 ± 0.03	0.01 ± 0.01	t = 22.45	< 0.001
ISI	0.0055 ± 0.003	0.0011 ± 0.0004	t = 25.67	< 0.001

GDM: Gestational diabetes mellitus; NGT: Normal glucose tolerance; BMI: Body mass index; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; OGTT: Oral glucose tolerance test; FINS: Fasting insulin; HOMA-IR: Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; ISI: Insulin sensitivity index.