Macrophage and inflammation in diabetes and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: From mechanisms to therapeutic strategies

Figure 4 Immune cell infiltration in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, type 2 diabetes, and adipose tissues. Immune cell infiltration occurs in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and type 2 diabetes, as well as in adipose tissues. Liver resident macrophages (Kupffer cells and monocyte-derived macrophages), adipose tissue macrophages, and infiltrated macrophages are polarized into M1 macrophages under the pathologic condition. In contrast, M2 macrophage population is decreased. Infiltration of B cells and cluster of differentiation (CD) 3⁺, CD4⁺, and CD8⁺ T cells is increased. Neutrophil activation and monocyte recruitment are increased. T2D: Type 2 diabetes; MASLD: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease; CD: Cluster of differentiation.