Macrophage and inflammation in diabetes and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: From mechanisms to therapeutic strategies

Table 3 Clinical trials evaluating the roles of macrophages in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, type 2 diabetes, and other metabolic disorders

Clinical trial	Study type or phase	Disease	Treatment and purpose
NCT04059068	Observational	MASLD	To identify macrophage-derived drug targets to reverse liver disease and reduce macrophage-mediated adipose tissue inflammation
NCT06950710	Observational	MASLD and hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury	To elucidate the role and mechanisms of macrophage polarization in patients with hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury and MASLD
NCT06571474	Observational	Obesity, MASLD, T2D	To evaluate the role of transcription factor EB in adipose tissue macrophages in regulating adipose tissue and systemic metabolic function
NCT06007404	Observational	T2D, prediabetes, insulin resistance, obesity	To better understand the role of meta-inflammatory monocytes in adolescent insulin resistance by measuring the influence of body composition, lifestyle habits, and diet
NCT02498119	Observational	T2D	To test the role of arachidonic acid metabolites in the lipid droplets of macrophages
NCT03836443	Interventional	MASLD	To determine the effect of cultured hepatocyte supernatant exposed to MASLD patient plasma on human macrophages in vitro
NCT03426111	Interventional	MASH	To evaluate macrophage function in patients treated with endoscopic gastric tubulization and lifestyle modification
NCT05681468	Interventional	T2D, prediabetes, overweight, and obesity	To test the effect of ketogenic diets on immune cell function and inflammation, including macrophages
NCT02768935	Interventional	T2D, cardiovascular complications	To test the infiltration and polarization of macrophages in patients with T2D after myocardial infarction and the role of macrophage miRNAs
NCT02330549	Phase 2	T2D and suspected MASLD	To test the effect of cenicriviroc (152 mg), CCR2 and CCR5 antagonism, on insulin sensitivity in subjects with prediabetes or T2D and suspected MASLD
NCT04521114	Phase 2	MASH	To test the effect of anti-human CCR5 monoclonal antibody leronlimab (PRO 140) on MASH
NCT03151343	Phase 3	T2D, heart disease	To test the effect of SGLT-2 inhibitor on myocardial perfusion, function, and metabolism, as well as adipose tissue macrophage infiltration
NCT02285985	Phase 4	T2D	To test the effect of DPP-4 inhibitor saxagliptin on the reduction of adipose tissue inflammation and macrophage infiltration

NCT: National clinical trials; T2D: Type 2 diabetes; MASLD: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease; MASH: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis; CCR: C-C chemokine receptor; miRNAs: MicroRNAs; SGLT-2: Sodium glucose co-transport-2; DPP-4: Dipeptidyl peptidase 4.