Spatial transcriptomics meets diabetic kidney disease: Illuminating the path to precision medicine

Table 3 Newcastle-Ottawa Scale quality assessment of included studies

Ref.	Selection				Comparability		Exposure			Sources
	A representative and well-defined study population	Method of sample selection	Non-response rate of study subjects	Additional confirmation of study subjects	Matching of study and control groups based on specific factors	Adjustment of study and control groups based on specific factors	Method of determining study outcomes	Blinded assessment of outcomes	Follow-up time and adequacy
Lay et al[1]	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	7
Marshall et al[15]	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	9
Chen et al[16]	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	7
Winfree et al[23]	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	6
Zhang et al[18]	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	7
Kondo et al[24]	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	7
Tao et al[22]	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	7

Marshall et al[15] scored 9/9, indicating very high quality with a highly rigorous study design and implementation. The remaining six studies scored 7/9, indicating good quality but with some unclear details, such as the blinding assessment and follow-up time.