Albuminuria is independently associated with preclinical left ventricular systolic dysfunction: The TESEO study

Table 2 Demographic and clinical characteristics of 193 type 2 diabetes subjects stratified by global longitudinal strain-left ventricular systolic dysfunction status, mean ± SD

Characteristics	GLS < -18% (n = 151)	GLS ≥ -18% (n = 42)	P value
Clinical characteristics
Age (year)	61.11 ± 8.16	58.93 ± 7.76	0.123
Male gender (%)	57.6	54.8	0.741
Diabetes duration (year)	3.68 ± 4.76	4.43 ± 5.47	0.383
BMI (kg/m2)	30.85 ± 5.56	31.35 ± 5.35	0.604
BMI ≥ 30 (%)	50.3	59.5	0.291
WC (cm)	108.56 ± 11.70	111.38 ± 12.02	0.171
SBP (mmHg)	134.99 ± 15.90	138.93 ± 17.46	0.167
DBP (mmHg)	82.03 ± 9.74	84.93 ± 9.75	0.090
Hypertension (%)	88.1	95.2	0.178
Smoking status (%)
Non smokers	40.4	35.7	0.606
Active smokers	19.2	26.2	-
Former smokers	40.4	38.1	-
CKD (%)	6.0	14.3	0.075
Albuminuria (%)	9.3	26.2	0.004
Retinopathy	3.3	7.3	0.372
Biochemistry
HbA1c (%)	6.48 ± 0.99	6.61 ± 1.00	0.479
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	177.19 ± 42.58	178.26 ± 39.12	0.883
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)	99.61 ± 35.13	101.35 ± 31.33	0.777
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)	52.25 ± 11.86	49.76 ± 14.93	0.259
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	113.3 (86.0-147.0)	120.2 (86.5-146.8)	0.529
ACR (mg/mmol)	0.95 (0.60-1.40)	1.50 (0.60-3.35)	0.014
eGFR (mL/minute/1.73 m2)	88.53 ± 15.26	87.83 ± 18.67	0.804
NTpro-BNP (ng/L)	44.5 (28.5-82.5)	51.62 (25.0-104.3)	0.127
Uric acid (mg/L)	5.33 ± 1.43	6.04 ± 2.11	0.052
Glucose lowering medication (%)
Metformin	84.8	85.7	0.879
DDP-4 inhibitors	11.3	9.5	0.750
SGLT-2 inhibitors	23.2	26.2	0.685
GLP-1 receptor agonists	26.5	33.3	0.382
Insulin	6.0	11.9	0.997

Data are expressed as mean ± SD, percentage or geometric mean (25%-75%) for log-transformed data. GLS: Global longitudinal strain; BMI: Body mass index; WC: Waist circumference; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; CKD: Chronic kidney disease; HbA1c: Glycated haemoglobin A1c; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; ACR: Albumin-creatinine ratio; NTpro-BNP: N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide; DDP-4: Dipeptidyl peptidase-4; SGLT-2: Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2; GLP-1: Glucagon-like peptide-1.