Exploring the relationship between health knowledge, health literacy, self-care, self-efficacy, and glycemic control among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus

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World Journal of Diabetes

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1948-9358

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Observational Study

World J Diabetes. Sep 15, 2025; 16(9): 105138
Published online Sep 15, 2025. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v16.i9.105138

Table 3 Achievement of clinical audit criteria among study participants

Variables	Frequency (%)
Current smoking (n = 100)	13 (13.0)
Central obesity¹ (n = 97)	78 (80.4)
Controlled BP² (n = 100)	38 (38.0)
Good glycemic control³ (n = 99)	43 (43.4)
CKD stage 3 and above⁴ (n = 100)	15 (15.0)
Optimal LDL-C level⁵ (n = 97)	41 (42.3)
Urine proteinuria or microalbuminuria (n = 89)	28 (31.5)
Statin use (n = 100)	77 (77.0)

¹Male ≥ 90 cm, female ≥ 80 cm.

²Blood pressure < 140/80 mmHg.

³Glycated hemoglobin ≤ 7.0%.

⁴Epidermal growth factor receptor < 60 mL/minute.

⁵Low-density lipoprotein < 2.6 mmol/L.

CKD: Chronic kidney disease; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Citation: Amirthalingam SD, Ganeson M, Thuraisingham C, Lee VKM, Chan CW, Sulaiman LH, Ramasamy S, Bujang MA, Teng CL. Exploring the relationship between health knowledge, health literacy, self-care, self-efficacy, and glycemic control among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. World J Diabetes 2025; 16(9): 105138
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v16/i9/105138.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v16.i9.105138

Amirthalingam SD, Ganeson M, Thuraisingham C, Lee VKM, Chan CW, Sulaiman LH, Ramasamy S, Bujang MA, Teng CL. Exploring the relationship between health knowledge, health literacy, self-care, self-efficacy, and glycemic control among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. World J Diabetes 2025; 16(9): 105138 [PMID: 40980295 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v16.i9.105138]

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