Development and validation of a hypoglycemia risk prediction tool for hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with insulin

Table 3 Differences in disease-related and biochemical characteristics of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus between the non-hypoglycemic and hypoglycemic groups

	Non-hypoglycemic group (n = 442)	Hypoglycemic group (n = 360)	Z/χ2	P value
	n (%)/M (P25, P75)	n (%) /M (P25, P75)
Duration of diabetes	5.00 (0.96, 10.00)	8.00 (1.00, 12.00)	-2.49	0.01
Duration of diabetes			12.26	< 0.001a
< 10 years	308 (59.7)	208 (40.3)
≥ 10 years	134 (46.9)	152 (53.1)
Diabetic nephropathy			0.10	0.76
No	326 (54.8)	269 (45.2)
Yes	116 (56.0)	91 (44.0)
Diabetic neuropathy			0.02	0.89
No	284 (54.9)	233 (45.1)
Yes	158 (55.4)	127 (44.6)
Diabetic vascular disease			0.05	0.83
No	182 (54.7)	151 (45.3)
Yes	260 (55.4)	209 (44.6)
High blood pressure			0.01	0.94
No	270 (55.2)	219 (44.8)
Yes	172 (55.0)	141 (45.0)
Cardiovascular diseases			1.04	0.31
No	381 (55.9)	301 (44.1)
Yes	61 (50.8)	59 (49.2)
Hyperlipidemia			7.59	0.01a
No	276 (51.7)	258 (48.3)
Yes	166 (61.9)	102 (38.1)
Fatty liver			3.46	0.06
No	235 (52.2)	215 (47.8)
Yes	207 (58.8)	145 (41.2)
History of hypoglycemia within a year			6.73	0.01
No	435 (55.9)	343 (44.1)
Yes	7 (29.2)	17 (70.8)
Blood glucose status
Random blood glucose (mmol/L)	13.1 (10.3, 17.3)	13.9 (10.53, 18.18)	-1.42	0.16
FPG (mmol/L)	7.6 (6.4, 9.2)	6.7 (5.2, 9.1)	-4.31	< 0.001a
SDBG (mmol/L)	3.75 (2.72, 4.97)	3.92 (2.86, 5.47)	-1.64	0.10
HbA1c (%)	9.5 (8.1, 11.2)	9.85 (8.1, 11.6)	-0.96	0.34
Pancreas islet function
HOMA-β (%)	40.27 (26.45, 75.93)	39.08 (22.91, 95.24)	-0.48	0.63
HOMA-IR	3.21 (1.91, 5.26)	2.03 (1.29, 3.86)	-6.50	< 0.001a
Fasting insulin (mu/L)	8.96 (5.77, 14.22)	6.82 (4.31, 11.17)	-5.01	< 0.001a
Fasting C-peptide (nmol/L)	0.36 (0.22, 0.55)	0.24 (0.15, 0.42)	-6.75	< 0.001a
Liver and renal functions
AST	19 (15, 26)	19 (15, 24)	-1.49	0.14
AST			1.21	0.27
≤ 40 U/L	395 (54.5)	330 (45.5)
> 40 U/L	47 (61.0)	30 (39.0)
ALT	23 (15, 34)	19 (14, 29)	-3.39	0.001a
ALT			2.87	0.09
≤ 35 U/L	342 (53.6)	296 (46.4)
> 35 U/L	100 (61.0)	64 (39.0)
Cr	64 (52, 77)	66 (54, 80)	-1.37	0.17
Cr			0.07	0.80
≤ 133 μmol/L	431 (55.2)	350 (44.8)
> 133 μmol/L	11 (52.4)	10 (47.6)
GFR	102.77 (89.30, 113.93)	98.675 (81.31, 109.32)	-3.31	0.001a
GFR			7.56	0.006a
< 90	114 (47.7)	125 (52.3)
≥ 90	328 (58.3)	235 (41.7)
Blood lipid level
TC	4.87 (3.89, 5.61)	4.73 (3.78, 5.41)	-1.36	0.18
TC			0.81	0.37
< 4.5 mmol/L	174 (53.2)	153 (46.8)
≥ 4.5 mmol/L	268 (56.4)	207 (43.6)
TG	1.52 (1.05, 2.42)	1.25 (0.89, 1.81)	-5.55	< 0.001a
TG			19.31	< 0.001a
< 1.7 mmol/L	249 (49.2)	257 (50.8)
≥ 1.7 mmol/L	193 (65.2)	103 (34.8)
HDL-C	0.92 (0.79, 1.08)	0.99 (0.82, 1.18)	-3.04	0.002a
HDL-C			6.86	0.01a
≤ 1 mmol/L	281 (58.9)	196 (41.1)
> 1 mmol/L	161 (49.5)	164 (50.5)
LDL-C	3.09 (2.16, 3.74)	3.06 (2.20, 3.80)	-0.40	0.69
LDL-C			0.30	0.58
< 2.6 mmol/L	163 (56.4)	126 (43.6)
≥ 2.6 mmol/L	279 (54.4)	234 (45.6)
CRP	1.8 (1.00, 3.73)	1.8 (0.80, 3.50)	-0.94	0.35
CRP			0.17	0.68
≤ 6 mg/L	327 (55.9)	258 (44.1)
> 6mg/L	115 (53.0)	102 (47.0)

^aP < 0.05.

FPG: Fasting blood glucose; SDBG: Standard deviation of blood glucose; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin A1c; HOMA-β: Homeostasis model assessment for β-cell function; HOMA-IR: Homeostasis assessment of insulin resistance; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; Cr: Creatinine; GFR: Glomerular filtration rate; TC: Total cholesterol; TG: Triglyceride; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; CRP: C-reactive protein.