Development and validation of a hypoglycemia risk prediction tool for hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with insulin

Table 2 Differences in sociodemographic and treatment-related characteristics of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus between the non-hypoglycemic and hypoglycemic groups, n (%), mean ± SD

	Non-hypoglycemic group (n = 442)	Hypoglycemic group (n = 360)	t/χ2	P value
Age (years)	54.04 ± 13.84	56.06 ± 12.94	-2.11	0.04a
Age (years)			6.36	0.10
18-44	116 (63.0)	68 (37.0)
45-59	173 (52.6)	156 (47.4)
60-74	127 (52.3)	116 (47.7)
≥ 75	26 (56.5)	20 (43.5)
Gender			3.59	0.06
Male	147 (50.7)	143 (49.3)
Female	295 (57.6)	217 (42.4)
BMI (kg/m2)	24.79 ± 3.38	23.36 ± 3.34	5.98	< 0.001a
BMI (kg/m2)			26.56	< 0.001a
< 18.5	12 (37.5)	20 (62.5)
18.5-23.9	174 (47.0)	196 (53.0)
≥ 24.0	256 (64.0)	144 (36.0)
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	130.24 ± 20.27	130.88 ± 20.67	-0.44	0.66
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	82.23 ± 11.53	82.40 ± 11.37	1.02	0.31
Smoking			0.23	0.63
No	345 (54.7)	286 (45.3)
Yes	97 (56.7)	74 (43.3)
Alcohol consumption			1.87	0.17
No	384 (54.2)	324 (45.8)
Yes	58 (61.7)	36 (38.3)
Education level			4.77	0.10
Primary school or lower	99 (52.1)	91 (47.9)
Middle school	191 (52.8)	171 (47.2)
College or higher	152 (60.8)	98 (39.2)
Occupational status			12.29	0.002a
Employed	278 (60.3)	183 (39.7)
Unemployed	49 (45.4)	59 (54.6)
Retired	115 (49.4)	118 (50.6)
Marital status			1.82	0.40
Married	412 (55.2)	335 (44.8)
Unmarried	22 (61.1)	14 (38.9)
Divorced/widowed	8 (42.1)	11 (57.9)
Treatment before admission			0.55	0.97
None	133 (55.4)	107 (44.6)
Oral antidiabetic drugs1	183 (54.5)	153 (45.5)
Insulin	45 (52.9)	40 (47.1)
Oral antidiabetic drugs2 + insulin	76 (57.6)	56 (42.4)
Others	5 (55.6)	4 (44.4)
Treatment time (days)	9.20 ± 3.13	10.34 ± 3.56	−4.81	< 0.001a
Insulin injection therapy			0.42	0.52
Basal-before meal	4 (44.4)	5 (55.6)
CSII	438 (55.2)	355 (44.8)
Total insulin dose (IU/d)	34.63 ± 9.14	34.07 ± 9.79	0.84	0.40
Combined oral hypoglycemic drugs3			6.18	0.01a
No	341 (53.0)	303 (47.0)
Yes	101 (63.9)	57 (36.1)
Combined antihypertensive drugs			1.25	0.26
No	307 (53.9)	263 (46.1)
Yes	135 (58.2)	97 (41.8)

^aP < 0.05.

¹Including metformin, SGLT2 inhibitor, alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, DPP4 inhibitor, sulfonylureas, triple hypoglycemic therapy.

²Including metformin, SGLT2 inhibitor, alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, DPP4 inhibitor, one or two antidiabetic drugs combined with insulin.

³Including metformin, SGLT2 inhibitor, alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, intensive insulin therapy combined with one or two oral drugs.

BMI: Body mass index.