Psychological predictors of diabetic ketoacidosis in children: Health belief model-based case-control study

Table 2 Demographic and clinical characteristics of pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus

Variable	Cases (n = 96)	Controls (n = 95)	P value
Age (years), mean ± SD	9.74 ± 2.21	9.90 ± 2.40	0.626
Sex - male	41.8%	57.0%	-
Sex - female	58.2%	43.0%	-
HbA1c (%), mean ± SD	9.82 ± 1.80	8.80 ± 1.59	< 0.001
HbA1c category - good control (< 7.5%)	9.9%	20.2%	-
HbA1c category - moderate (7.5%-9.9%)	29.7%	48.9%	-
HbA1c category - poor (≥ 10%)	60.4%	30.9%	0.004
pH, mean ± SD	7.21 ± 0.17	7.42 ± 0.08	< 0.001
Ketonuria	100%	0%	< 0.001
PICU admission	73.2%	0%	< 0.001
GI symptoms	59.8%	9.6%	< 0.001

HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c; PICU: Pediatric intensive care unit; GI: Gastrointestinal.