Digital health for rural diabetes care: Implementation experience from China and India

Table 2 Comparison of key digital health intervention studies for diabetes in rural China and India

Study	Sample size	Intervention description	Primary outcome(s)	Key results
Interventions in China and India
SimCard[9]	2086	Smartphone-based decision support for community health workers	Antihypertensive medication use	Medication use increased by 24.4% in China and 26.6% in India
Interventions in China
ROADMAP[8]	19601	mHealth-enabled hierarchical diabetes management	HbA1c control	Mean HbA1c difference: -0.30%; Better effect in rural areas
SMARTDiabetes[12]	2072	Self-management app with family health promoter support	Proportion achieving multiple targets (HbA1c, BP, LDL)	Mean HbA1c difference: -0.33%; Effective in rural areas but not in urban settings
Interventions in India
mWellcare[28]	3698	mHealth system for integrated NCD management	Blood pressure and HbA1c control	No significant difference in HbA1c compared to enhanced usual care
K-DPP[37]	1007	Peer-supported lifestyle modification	Diabetes incidence	No significant reduction in diabetes incidence; Improved cardiovascular risk factors in rural communities
Chunampet project[31]	23380	Telemedicine with mobile screening van	HbA1c control	Mean HbA1c decrease from 9.3% to 8.5% (non-randomized design)

BP: Blood pressure; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; NCD: Non-communicable disease.