Troxerutin improves diabetic cognitive dysfunction by inhibiting mitochondrial fission mediated by transient receptor potential melastatin 7/calcineurin/dynamin-related protein 1ser637

Figure 6 High-concentration glucose increased expressions of calcineurin and apoptosis-associated molecules, decreased expressions of adenosine triphosphate and p-dynamin-related protein 1^ser637 in hippocampal neuronal cells. A: The normalized mRNA expression of calcineurin (CaN); B: Protein bands of CaN, T-dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) and p-Drp1^ser637; C: The relative protein expression of CaN, T-Drp1 and p-Drp1^ser637; D: Relative of adenosine triphosphate level; E: Mitochondrial membrane potential: The red fluorescence was decreased in the high-concentration glucose group, indicating an increase in apoptotic cells; F: The normalized mRNA expression of caspase-3, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)-associated X protein (Bax), and Bcl-2; G: The relative protein expression of The relative protein expression of caspase-3, Bcl-2-associated X protein, and Bcl-2; H: Hoechst 33258 fluorescence staining: The cell nucleus presented with a lobulated and fragmented appearance in the high-concentration glucose group. ^aP < 0.05, compared with normal control group. Data presented as mean ± SEM. Drp1: Dynamin-related protein 1; CaN: Calcineurin; NC: Normal control; HG: Hypertonic group (100 mmol/L glucose); GAPDH: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; Bax: B-cell lymphoma 2-associated X protein; Bcl-2: B-cell lymphoma 2.