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©The Author(s) 2025.
World J Diabetes. Aug 15, 2025; 16(8): 106683
Published online Aug 15, 2025. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v16.i8.106683
Published online Aug 15, 2025. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v16.i8.106683
Table 2 Basic characteristics of total depressive symptom trajectories in the second study
| Source | Variable | Overall | Persistently high | Persistently low | Decreasing | Fluctuating | Increasing | P value |
| HRS | Number | 13918 | 682 | 7252 | 215 | 5465 | 304 | |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 70.7 (9.7) | 70.7 (9.7) | 69.9 (9.0) | 71.1 (10.2) | 71.7 (10.5) | 71.9 (9.8) | < 0.001 | |
| Age, mean (SD) | 27.3 (5.6) | 29.0 (7.5) | 27.0 (5.1) | 27.8 (6.9) | 27.5 (5.9) | 27.3 (6.3) | < 0.001 | |
| Sex, n (%) | ||||||||
| Female | 8654 (62.2) | 519 (76.1) | 4127 (56.9) | 170 (79.1) | 3629 (66.4) | 209 (68.8) | < 0.001 | |
| Male | 5264 (37.8) | 163 (23.9) | 3125 (43.1) | 45 (20.9) | 1836 (33.6) | 95 (31.2) | ||
| Education, n (%) | ||||||||
| Below high school | 3113 (22.4) | 311 (45.6) | 1105 (15.2) | 72 (33.5) | 1540 (28.2) | 85 (28.0) | < 0.001 | |
| College or above | 5630 (40.5) | 133 (19.5) | 3480 (48.0) | 49 (22.8) | 1862 (34.1) | 106 (34.9) | ||
| High school | 5175 (37.2) | 238 (34.9) | 2667 (36.8) | 94 (43.7) | 2063 (37.7) | 113 (37.2) | ||
| Marital status, n (%) | ||||||||
| Married or partnered | 8268 (59.4) | 277 (40.6) | 5253 (72.4) | 99 (46.0) | 2465 (45.1) | 174 (57.2) | < 0.001 | |
| Never married | 373 (2.7) | 23 (3.4) | 199 (2.7) | 10 (4.7) | 135 (2.5) | 6 (2.0) | ||
| Separated/divorced/widowed | 4338 (31.2) | 381 (55.9) | 1797 (24.8) | 106 (49.3) | 1931 (35.3) | 123 (40.5) | ||
| Unknown | 939 (6.7) | 1 (0.1) | 3 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 934 (17.1) | 1 (0.3) | ||
| Smoking status, n (%) | ||||||||
| Ever smokers | 7455 (53.6) | 416 (61.0) | 4072 (56.2) | 128 (59.5) | 2657 (48.6) | 182 (59.9) | < 0.001 | |
| Never smokers | 5439 (39.1) | 266 (39.0) | 3130 (43.2) | 85 (39.5) | 1837 (33.6) | 121 (39.8) | ||
| Unknown | 1024 (7.4) | 0 (0.0) | 50 (0.7) | 2 (0.9) | 971 (17.8) | 1 (0.3) | ||
| Drinking status, n (%) | ||||||||
| Ever drinkers | 6030 (43.3) | 189 (27.7) | 3852 (53.1) | 72 (33.5) | 1807 (33.1) | 110 (36.2) | < 0.001 | |
| Never drinkers | 6955 (50.0) | 493 (72.3) | 3399 (46.9) | 143 (66.5) | 2726 (49.9) | 194 (63.8) | ||
| Unknown | 933 (6.7) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 932 (17.1) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Hypertension, n (%) | ||||||||
| Yes | 6944 (49.9) | 454 (66.6) | 3605 (49.7) | 122 (56.7) | 2583 (47.3) | 180 (59.2) | < 0.001 | |
| No | 6042 (43.4) | 228 (33.4) | 3647 (50.3) | 93 (43.3) | 1950 (35.7) | 124 (40.8) | ||
| Unknown | 932 (6.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 932 (17.1) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Heart problem, n (%) | ||||||||
| Yes | 3076 (22.1) | 257 (37.7) | 1439 (19.8) | 63 (29.3) | 1228 (22.5) | 89 (29.3) | < 0.001 | |
| No | 9910 (71.2) | 425 (62.3) | 5813 (80.2) | 152 (70.7) | 3305 (60.5) | 215 (70.7) | ||
| Unknown | 932 (6.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 932 (17.1) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| ELSA | ||||||||
| Number | 5811 | 263 | 3439 | 100 | 1877 | 132 | ||
| BMI, mean (SD) | 28.2 (5.2) | 29.2 (5.9) | 27.9 (4.8) | 29.2 (5.6) | 28.5 (5.6) | 28.4 (5.5) | < 0.001 | |
| Age, mean (SD) | 69.2 (9.3) | 69.9 (10.6) | 68.7 (8.8) | 70.3 (9.7) | 69.7 (9.9) | 72.2 (9.9) | < 0.001 | |
| Sex, n (%) | ||||||||
| Female | 3318 (57.1) | 181 (68.8) | 1749 (50.9) | 72 (72.0) | 1242 (66.2) | 74 (56.1) | < 0.001 | |
| Male | 2493 (42.9) | 82 (31.2) | 1690 (49.1) | 28 (28.0) | 635 (33.8) | 58 (43.9) | ||
| Education, n (%) | ||||||||
| Below high school | 1861 (32.0) | 129 (49.0) | 920 (26.8) | 56 (56.0) | 705 (37.6) | 51 (38.6) | < 0.001 | |
| College or above | 2309 (39.7) | 71 (27.0) | 1534 (44.6) | 17 (17.0) | 642 (34.2) | 45 (34.1) | ||
| High school | 1184 (20.4) | 39 (14.8) | 726 (21.1) | 18 (18.0) | 376 (20.0) | 25 (18.9) | ||
| Other | 457 (7.9) | 24 (9.1) | 259 (7.5) | 9 (9.0) | 154 (8.2) | 11 (8.3) | ||
| Marital status, n (%) | ||||||||
| Married or partnered | 3834 (66.0) | 111 (42.2) | 2534 (73.7) | 44 (44.0) | 1061 (56.5) | 84 (63.6) | < 0.001 | |
| Never married | 265 (4.6) | 23 (8.7) | 141 (4.1) | 3 (3.0) | 94 (5.0) | 4 (3.0) | ||
| Separated/divorced/widowed | 1542 (26.5) | 126 (47.9) | 653 (19.0) | 52 (52.0) | 668 (35.6) | 43 (32.6) | ||
| Unknown | 170 (2.9) | 3 (1.1) | 111 (3.2) | 1 (1.0) | 54 (2.9) | 1 (0.8) | ||
| Smoking status, n (%) | ||||||||
| Ever smokers | 3684 (63.4) | 193 (73.4) | 2118 (61.6) | 73 (73.0) | 1207 (64.3) | 93 (70.5) | < 0.001 | |
| Never smokers | 2127 (36.6) | 70 (26.6) | 1321 (38.4) | 27 (27.0) | 670 (35.7) | 39 (29.5) | ||
| Drinking status, n (%) | ||||||||
| Ever drinkers | 4471 (76.9) | 147 (55.9) | 2859 (83.1) | 67 (67.0) | 1297 (69.1) | 101 (76.5) | < 0.001 | |
| Never drinkers | 703 (12.1) | 76 (28.9) | 318 (9.2) | 21 (21.0) | 275 (14.7) | 13 (9.8) | ||
| Unknown | 637 (11.0) | 40 (15.2) | 262 (7.6) | 12 (12.0) | 305 (16.2) | 18 (13.6) | ||
| Hypertension, n (%) | ||||||||
| Yes | 2691 (46.3) | 150 (57.0) | 1491 (43.4) | 61 (61.0) | 924 (49.2) | 65 (49.2) | < 0.001 | |
| No | 3120 (53.7) | 113 (43.0) | 1948 (56.6) | 39 (39.0) | 953 (50.8) | 67 (50.8) | ||
| Heart problem, n (%) | ||||||||
| Yes | 1209 (20.8) | 89 (33.8) | 615 (17.9) | 21 (21.0) | 449 (23.9) | 35 (26.5) | < 0.001 | |
| No | 4602 (79.2) | 174 (66.2) | 2824 (82.1) | 79 (79.0) | 1428 (76.1) | 97 (73.5) |
- Citation: Zou XL, Zhou C. Persistently high and fluctuating trajectories of total and somatic depressive symptoms increase diabetes risk: Two prospective cohort studies. World J Diabetes 2025; 16(8): 106683
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v16/i8/106683.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v16.i8.106683