Higher glycated hemoglobin amplifies the effect of apolipoprotein E epsilon 4-related cognition and olfaction impairments in type 2 diabetes

doi:10.4239/wjd.v16.i8.106664

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Aug 15, 2025 (publication date) through Aug 14, 2025

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World Journal of Diabetes

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1948-9358

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Diabetes. Aug 15, 2025; 16(8): 106664
Published online Aug 15, 2025. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v16.i8.106664

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Figure 3 Effects of apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 genotype and glycated hemoglobin level on cognitive and olfactory function. A: Mini-mental state examination scores were significantly lower in the apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 (APOE4) + with high glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) group compared to the APOE4 - with high HbA1c group (P = 0.0277); B: Olfactory threshold score was significantly lower in the APOE4 + with high HbA1c group compared to the APOE4 - with high HbA1c group (P = 0.017). HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; APOE4: Apolipoprotein E epsilon 4; MMSE: Mini-mental state examination.

Citation: Wang YR, Gao Y, Liu YC, Xu ZP, Wang YY, Xu HB, Wang JZ, Zhang Y. Higher glycated hemoglobin amplifies the effect of apolipoprotein E epsilon 4-related cognition and olfaction impairments in type 2 diabetes. World J Diabetes 2025; 16(8): 106664
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v16/i8/106664.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v16.i8.106664